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. 2011 Dec 19;109(1):101-106. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1118034108

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3.

Compounds that enhance intracellular cAMP levels. (A) Structures of compounds 5 and 6. (B) Effects of compound 5 on Per2∷lucSV and Bmal1:luc U2OS cells. (C) Intracellular cAMP measurement. Wild-type MEF cells were treated with the compounds at 5 μM, and cAMP levels in the lysates were quantified via absorbance measurement. Forskolin (5 μM) serves as a positive control. Data was analyzed by one-way ANOVA, Dunnett’s test. Compared with the DMSO control: b, p < 0.01; c, p < 0.001. In the dose response experiments, compounds were added to 0.5, 1.5, and 5 μM. (D) Acute effects of the compounds on clock gene expression. MEF cells were treated with DMSO (0.1%) and compounds (forskolin, compounds 5 and 6 in 0.1% DMSO final concentration) at time 0, and cells were collected at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 h for real-time qPCR analysis of Per1, Per2, and Dbp mRNA levels.