Table 1.
Additional examples of viruses that can promote or prevent autoimmune diabetes in mice or rats
| Virus | Classification | Host species—Diabetogenicity | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ljungan virus | Picornaviridae (ssRNA) | Viral particles detected in wild-trapped bank voles and BB rats. | Niklasson et al. 2003, 2007 |
| MHV-68 | Herperviridae (dsDNA) | Delays diabetes in the NOD in an age-dependent manner. | Smith et al. 2007 |
| Rotavirus | Reoviridae (dsRNA) | Delays or accelerates diabetes in the NOD in an age-dependent manner. | Graham et al. 2007, 2008 |
| Reovirus | Reoviridae (dsRNA) | Induces diabetes and infects β cells. Delays diabetes in the NOD mouse. | Onodera et al. 1978a; Wetzel et al. 2006 |
| Retrovirus | Retroviridae (ssRNA) | Presence of endogenous retrovirus correlates with diabetes susceptibility and progression. | Suenaga and Yoon 1988; Gaskins et al. 1992 |
| Mengovirus | Picornaviridae (ssRNA) | Causes diabetes in addition to encephalitis owing to islet necrosis. | Yoon et al. 1984 |
| Mouse hepatitis virus | Coronaviridae (ssRNA) | Reduces incidence in the NOD mouse. | Wilberz et al. 1991 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase virus | Arteriviridae (ssRNA) | Suppresses diabetes development in the NOD mouse. | Takei et al. 1992 |