(A–C) PV expression in human, including human nXll, Amb, and sensory nuclei; (D–F) GDNF family receptor alpha 1 expression in human identifying nXII and Amb motor neuron populations. (G–I) PV expression in macaque showing the homologous brain regions; (J–L) GDNF family receptor alpha 1 expression in macaque to identify the motor neuron populations. The first column (A, D, G, J) shows low magnification of the entire brainstem section, the second column (B, E, H, K) shows the location of nXII and the third (C, F, I, L) shows the location of Amb. Note the high PV expression in human nXII and low in macaque nXII, but more comparable expression of GDNF family receptor alpha 1 in both species. Scale bar = 2 mm (applied to D, E, F, J) and 1 mm (applied to K, L).