Table 2.
Regulation of immune cells and cytokine production
| Immune cells | Subjects/animals/cells | Key observations | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| NK cells | Human NK cell line | Activation of PKCδ, PKCε, ERK2, ERK3, AP-1 and CRE transcriptional factor | García-Lora [39, 40] |
| T cells | CD4+ T cells in murine mesentric lymph node | Activation of LAT, ERK1/2, NFAT and AP-1 | Asai [41] |
| DCs | CD14+ mononuclear cells in PBMC of healthy volunteers | Promotion of maturation of DCs | Kanazawa [42], Ogihara [43] |
| Th1/Th2 | PBMC of human healthy volunteers | Increase of TNF-α production and decrease of IL-10 production by stimulation of human gastric cancer cell lysate | Sugiyama [45] |
| Colorectal cancer patients | Decrease of proportion of IL-10+ CD4+ T cells (Th2) in peripheral blood | Yoshino [46] | |
| B cells | Human B cell line | Enhancement of IgM production | Maruyama [49] |
| Monocytes | Human cord blood mononuclear cells | Activation of T cells and induction of CTLs through increase of IL-15 and LTB4 production by monocytes in EBV-infected cultures | Liu [50–52], Klein [53] |
| NKT cells | Gastric cancer patients | Decrease of CD57+ T cells in peripheral blood | Akagi [54] |
| Others | Murine peritoneal macrophages, etc. | Inhibition of binding of LPS to LBP, protection of LPS-induced lethality | Asai [55] |
| Mouse model of DSS and DMH-induced inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal carcinogenesis | Antagonistic effects on inflammation and carcinogenesis | Tsutsumi [57] |
NK natural killer, PKC protein kinase C, ERK extracellular signaling regulated kinase, AP-1 activator protein-1, CRE cAMP-response element, LAT linker for activation of T cells, NFAT nuclear factor of activated T cells, DC dendritic cell, PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cell, TNF-α tumor necrosis factor-α, CTL cytotoxic T lymphocyte, LTB 4 leukotriene B4, EBV Epstein–Barr virus, LPS lipopolysaccharide, LBP LPS-binding protein, DSS dextran sodium sulfate, DMH 1,2-dimethylhydrazine