Table 2.

Studies of screening questionnaires that were designed to detect other health conditions in addition to parkinsonism

Author	Date	Sample	Survey details	Parkinsonism definition	Gold standard	Findings	Comments
WHO screen [13] – 15 general neurology items and 7 physical tasks
Osuntokun[11]	1982	Subjects with and without parkinsonism	Administered by trained interviewer	Not reported	Prior diagnosis by unspecified provider	SEN 95% and SPEC 80%	Parkinsonism specific results not reported
Bharucha[19]	1987	Subjects with and without parkinsonism	Additional 2 items to assess self-reported symptoms; administered by trained interviewer	3 of 4 cardinal signs	Prior diagnosis by unspecified provider	SEN 100% and SPEC 89%	Parkinsonism specific results not reported
Gutierrez-del-Olmo[16]	1989	Not reported	Administered by medical student	Not reported	Not reported	SEN 93% and SPEC 78%	SEN estimate is for parkinsonism and transient ischemic attack combined
Al Rajeh[17]	1993	Subjects with and without parkinsonism	Administered by trained interviewer	2 of 4 cardinal signs	Not reported	SEN 98% and SPEC 89%	Parkinsonism specific results not reported
Gourie-Devi[24] (modified)	1996	173 random sample of community residents	12 items to assess for self-reported symptoms	2 of 4 cardinal signs	Not reported	SEN 95% and SPEC 98%	Parkinsonism specific results not reported
Das[20] (modified)	2006	3041 stratified random sample of community residents	14 items to assess self-report symptoms	2 of 4 cardinal signs	Not reported	SEN 84% and SPEC 99.9%	Parkinsonism specific results not reported
Bower[23] (modified )	2009	63 patients with various neurological diseases, 21 patients with pain, and 44 controls. Final instrument tested on 78 of these 128	Original 15 self-report items and 7 physical task WHO screen AND revised 24 self-report items and 16 physical task screen administered by nonmedical interviewer	Not reported	Prior diagnosis by attending neurologist	Original WHO screen: SEN 98% and SPEC 29% for cut-off score of 1 Revised WHO screen: SEN 100% and SPEC 61% for cut-off score of 1	Parkinsonism specific results not reported
Anderson, et al[26] screen – Sections on symptoms, prior diagnoses, ancillary tests and medications
Anderson[26]	1995	24 patients with known PD and 20 controls	Administered by trained interviewer	Not reported	Not reported	SEN 100% and SPEC 80%	Head of household completed screen for all household members
Chang, et al[29] screen – 3 general neurology items, 7 physical tasks and prior diagnoses
Chang[29]	1996	6 patients with known PD, 34 with mix of tremor, stroke and epilepsy, and 60 controls from neurology clinic	Administered by trained interviewer	2 of 4 cardinal signs	Review of medical records	SEN 100% and SPEC 58% for cut-off score of 1 (all items and exam); SEN 67% for cut-off score of 1 for symptom items; SEN 50% for prior diagnosis of parkinsonism item	Tremor item had highest individual sensitivity to detect PD
Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging[28] – Section on symptoms, prior diagnoses and physical examination of gait and tone
Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging[28]	1997	Not reported	Examination of gait and tone by physician	Definite = [2 of 4 cardinal signs] OR [1 of 4 cardinal signs on PD treatment] Possible = 1 of 4 cardinal signs	Not reported	SEN 85–95% and SPEC 90–100% Positive predictive value 60% and negative predictive value 90% for parkinsonism	Parkinsonism specific results not reported for SEN and SPEC estimates

Abbreviations: SEN – sensitivity; SPEC – specificity; WHO – World Health Organization