Table 3.
Effect of Zingiber officinale on working memory assessing via computerized battery test.
| Measurement | Predose baseline score | Post-dose score | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 month | 2 months | |||
| (1) Delay word recognition (% accuracy) | Placebo | 72.99 ± 8.97 | 73.88 ± 9.25 | 75.33 ± 8.94 |
| 400 mg | 74.83 ± 8.27 | 75.83 ± 8.58 | 80.17 ± 7.45 | |
| 800 mg | 74.83 ± 13.39 | 79.00 ± 12.14 | 84.89 ± 8.03** | |
|
| ||||
| (2) Delay word recognition reaction time (msec.) | Placebo | 1242.56 ± 217.14 | 1247.75 ± 256.32 | 1245.06 ± 165.89 |
| 400 mg | 1226.06 ± 161.82 | 1221.45 ± 176.35 | 1120.67 ± 111.2* | |
| 800 mg | 1261.14 ± 176.75 | 1109.55 ± 171.69 | 1099.67 ± 185.22** | |
|
| ||||
| (3) Simple reaction time (msec.) | Placebo | 619.05 ± 222.35 | 622.50 ± 175.01 | 625.15 ± 161.96 |
| 400 mg | 616.25 ± 195.39 | 611.95 ± 185.75 | 596.30 ± 126.60 | |
| 800 mg | 623.25 ± 191.43 | 614.30 ± 175.48 | 573.95 ± 177.20 | |
|
| ||||
| (4) Digit vigilance (% accuracy) | Placebo | 43.35 ± 6.84 | 42.90 ± 7.95 | 42.45 ± 8.744 |
| 400 mg | 42.90 ± 5.05 | 43.45 ± 9.93 | 43.70 ± 6.52 | |
| 800 mg | 44.75 ± 5.63 | 44.65 ± 6.45 | 48.40 ± 5.40* | |
|
| ||||
| (5) Digit Vigilance reaction time (msec.) | Placebo | 631.65 ± 140.92 | 622.25 ± 109.91 | 626.60 ± 122.24 |
| 400 mg | 620.00 ± 122.74 | 621.80 ± 105.69 | 594.70 ± 83.15 | |
| 800 mg | 623.75 ± 109.55 | 608.70 ± 130.34 | 587.40 ± 71.65 | |
|
| ||||
| (6) Digit vigilance false alar number | Placebo | 8.85 ± 2.39 | 8.7 ± 1.55 | 8.5 ± 1.35 |
| 400 mg | 8.85 ± 2.18 | 8.25 ± 1.61 | 8.05 ± 1.43 | |
| 800 mg | 8.65 ± 2.13 | 7.35 ± 1.34 | 7.1 ± 1.44** | |
|
| ||||
| (7) Choice reaction time (% accuracy) | Placebo | 79.90 ± 7.40 | 81.70 ± 6.68 | 80.55 ± 7.47 |
| 400 mg | 80.00 ± 8.86 | 84.95 ± 9.23 | 85.40 ± 7.92 | |
| 800 mg | 79.05 ± 8.53 | 89.95 ± 8.26** | 90.00 ± 7.82*** | |
|
| ||||
| (8) Choice reaction time response (msec.) | Placebo | 976.00 ± 168.70 | 964.25 ± 100.98 | 961.30 ± 135.76 |
| 400 mg | 964.55 ± 191.10 | 944.80 ± 128.93 | 912.10 ± 71.58 | |
| 800 mg | 980.35 ± 197.24 | 915.90 ± 72.00 | 874.65 ± 50.59* | |
|
| ||||
| (9) Numeric working memory (% accuracy) | Placebo | 73.90 ± 10.40 | 75.00 ± 10.43 | 74.70 ± 10.54 |
| 400 mg | 75.50 ± 8.67 | 77.10 ± 10.95 | 81.35 ± 9.57* | |
| 800 mg | 76.45 ± 9.69 | 82.40 ± 9.63* | 85.00 ± 8.72** | |
|
| ||||
| (10) Numeric working memory reaction time (msec.) | Placebo | 1334.50 ± 226.25 | 1348.29 ± 209.25 | 1335.70 ± 203.13 |
| 400 mg | 1339.40 ± 234.61 | 1343.90 ± 236.38 | 1325.05 ± 171.35 | |
| 800 mg | 1335.60 ± 260.95 | 1337.10 ± 170.24 | 1313.95 ± 138.71 | |
|
| ||||
| (11) Picture recognition (% accuracy) | Placebo | 72.99 ± 8.97 | 73.88 ± 9.25 | 75.33 ± 8.94 |
| 400 mg | 74.83 ± 8.27 | 75.83 ± 8.58 | 80.17 ± 7.45 | |
| 800 mg | 74.83 ± 13.39 | 79.00 ± 12.14 | 84.89 ± 8.03 | |
|
| ||||
| (12) Picture recognition reaction time (msec.) | Placebo | 1256.88 ± 239.51 | 1247.75 ± 156.32 | 1245.06 ± 165.89 |
| 400 mg | 1224.88 ± 185.08 | 1221.45 ± 176.35 | 1120.67 ± 111.25 | |
| 800 mg | 1234.61 ± 197.52 | 1109.55 ± 171.96 | 1099.67 ± 185.22 | |
|
| ||||
| (13) Spatial working memory (% accuracy) | Placebo | 66.25 ± 6.64 | 66.13 ± 5.39 | 66.29 ± 4.59 |
| 400 mg | 66.11 ± 5.47 | 66.95 ± 5.47 | 70.53 ± 5.34** | |
| 800 mg | 66.33 ± 6.88 | 68.39 ± 7.08 | 71.77 ± 4.12** | |
|
| ||||
| (14) Spatial working memory reaction time (msec.) | Placebo | 1799.25 ± 33.45 | 1817.30 ± 203.17 | 1844.10 ± 232.15 |
| 400 mg | 1784.30 ± 191.92 | 1707.85 ± 296.62 | 1761.55 ± 165.96 | |
| 800 mg | 1712.75 ± 219.45 | 1695.75 ± 200.13 | 1704.40 ± 309.16 | |
Subjects were measured for power of attention, continuity of attention, speed of memory, and quality of memory by using computerized battery test. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 20/group).
*, **, ***P value < 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001 compared to placebo-treated group, respectively.