Table 2.

 Cost, effectiveness, and incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER; cost per QALY) of switching from annual to universal vaccine when universal vaccine provides 5 years of protection (50% symptomatic influenza rate)

Annual vaccine compliance	Vaccination strategy	Cost	Effectiveness	ICER
Vaccine cost $100
Vaccine efficacy 75%
100%	Universal	1580–2120	25·52–28·29	Universal dominates
	Annual	1684–2385	25·52–28·29
75%	Universal	1579–2118	25·53–28·29	Universal dominates
	Annual	1649–2560	25·52–28·29
50%	Universal	1579–2120	25·52–28·29	Universal dominates
	Annual	1616–2320	25·52–28·28
25%	Universal	1577–2118	25·53–28·29	Universal dominates
	Annual	1578–2286	25·52–28·28
Vaccine efficacy 50%
100%	Universal	1775–2473	25·52–28·29	Annual dominates
	Annual	1685–2387	25·52–28·30
75%	Universal	1777–2474	25·53–28·29	39 482–52 197
	Annual	1650–2351	25·53–28·29
50%	Universal	1775–2475	25·53–28·29	31 544–74 353
	Annual	1612–2320	25·53–28·29
25%	Universal	1775–2474	25·53–28·29	33 987–49 354
	Annual	1579–2282	25·52–28·29
Vaccine cost $200
Vaccine efficacy 75%
100%	Universal	2019–2718	25·52–28·30	77 108–124 575
	Annual	1684–2384	25·53–28·29
75%	Universal	2214–2893	25·52–28·29	171 099–319 601
	Annual	1648–2353	25·52–28·28
50%	Universal	2020–2717	25·53–28·29	79 422–81 349
	Annual	1614–2317	25·52–28·29
25%	Universal	2018–2718	25·53–28·30	33 562–47 763
	Annual	1579–2288	25·52–28·28
Vaccine efficacy 50%
100%	Universal	2411–3072	25·53–28·29	Annual dominates
	Annual	1682–2387	25·53–28·29
75%	Universal	2411–3071	25·53–28·29	Annual dominates–495 957
	Annual	1650–2353	25·52–28·29
50%	Universal	2413–3073	25·52–28·29	257 930–806 958
	Annual	1614–2560	25·52–28·29
25%	Universal	2412–2284	25·53–28·29	144 542–172 231
	Annual	1580–3073	25·52–28·29

Bold ICER values are cost‐effective.