Table 1.
Immune Modulation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment | Indication | Characteristics/principle | Component | Effect | Ref. | Species |
Radiofrequency | Clinical indication: primary and | Mechanism: application of | Cytokines | + | [51–54] | Human |
(RF) ablation | secondary malignancies in liver, | alternating RF current through tip | Danger | + | [55–61] | Animal |
kidney, lung, and bone | applicator placed around and in | signals | + | [62, 63] | Human | |
[2, 8, 17, 49] | tumor tissue resulting in heat and | Granulocytes | + | [64, 65] | Animal | |
coagulative necrosis | [54, 66] | Human | ||||
Experimental application: tumors | NK cells | + | [61] | Animal | ||
of the breast [50] | Approach: percutaneous, open, | + | [67] | Human | ||
and intraoperative | Monocytes/ | + | [66] | Animal | ||
Macrophages | ||||||
Image guidance: US, CT, and MRI | DC | + | [68, 69] | Animal | ||
[51] | Human | |||||
T cells* | + | [49, 57, 65, 68–74] | Animal | |||
+ | [70, 75–78] | Human | ||||
Treg | − | [54] | Human | |||
B cells | + | [75] | Human | |||
Antibodies* | + | [78] | Human | |||
| ||||||
Cryoablation | Clinical indication: primary and | Mechanism: application of cold | Cytokines | + | [39, 83] | Animal |
secondary malignancies in liver, | through gaseous evaporation at | + | [36, 84, 85] | Human | ||
kidney, and prostate, as well as | the tip of a cryoprobe. Repetitive | Danger | ? | |||
dermatologic and ophthalmologic | freezing and thawing cycles lead to | signals | ||||
tumors [4, 33, 79, 80]. | direct cellular damage through ice | Granulocytes | + | [86] | Animal | |
Experimental Application: tumors | crystals, vascular and endothelial | NK cells | + | [83] | Animal | |
of the breast [81]. | injury, and eventually thrombosis | + | [87] | Human | ||
and ischemia [79, 82] resulting in | Monocytes/ | + | [86, 88] | Animal | ||
coagulative necrosis and apoptosis | Macrophages | |||||
at the ablation margin | DC | + | [69] | Animal | ||
Approach: percutaneous, open, | T cells | + | [38, 69, 79, 83, 89–98] | Animal | ||
intraoperative | + | [85, 87, 99–102] | Human | |||
Treg | + | [103, 104] | Animal | |||
− | [105] | Human | ||||
Image guidance: US, CT, and MRI | B cells | + | [91] | Animal | ||
Antibodies* | + | [86, 106–113] | Animal | |||
+ | [41, 87, 114–116] | Human | ||||
| ||||||
Microwave | Clinical indication: mainly used for | Mechanism: application of | Cytokines | ? | [117] | Animal |
ablation therapy | treatment of HCC, but also other | microwaves through tip applicator | Danger | + | ||
(MWA) | primary and | leading to coagulative necrosis | signals | |||
secondary | [21] | Granulocytes | ? | |||
malignancies of the liver [21, 22] | NK cells | + | [118] | Animal | ||
Approach: percutaneous, open, | + | [119] | Human | |||
and intraoperative | Monocytes/ | + | [119] | Human | ||
Macrophages | ||||||
DC | ? | |||||
Image guidance: US, CT, and MRI | T cells | + | [118] | Animal | ||
+ | [22, 119, 120] | Human | ||||
Treg | ? | |||||
B cells | + | [22] | Human | |||
Antibodies | ? | |||||
| ||||||
High-intensity | Experimental application: primary | Mechanism: application of focused | Cytokines | ? | ||
focused | and secondary malignancies in | ultrasound beams of | Danger | + | [122] | Human |
Ultrasound | breast, liver, pancreas, kidney, | high-intensity resulting in | signals | |||
(HIFU) | bone, prostate, and | coagulative necrosis | Granulocytes | ? | ||
soft-tissue-tumors [121] | NK cells | + | [123] | Human | ||
Monocytes/ | ? | |||||
Approach: noninvasive | Macrophages | |||||
DC | ? | |||||
Image guidance: noninvasive | T cells | + | [121, 124] | Animal | ||
real-time US | + | [27, 125, 126] | Human | |||
Treg | ? | |||||
B cells | + | [27] | Human | |||
Antibodies | ? | |||||
| ||||||
Laser induced | Clinical indication: broadly applied | Mechanism: placement of multiple | Cytokines | + | [130] | Human |
thermotherapy | for photocoagulation in retinal | simultaneous fired laser fibers into | Danger signals | + | [131] | Animal |
(LITT) | disease [127], primary, and | a tumor resulting in coagulative necrosis [129] | Granulocytes | |||
secondary malignancies of the | NK cells | ? | ||||
liver [128] | ||||||
Experimental application: primary | Approach: percutaneous | Monocytes/ | ? | |||
and secondary malignancies of the | Macrophages | |||||
breast, brain, bone, and prostate | DC | ? | ||||
[129] | Image guidance: MRI, CT, and US | T cells | + | [128, 132] | Animal | |
Treg | ? | |||||
B cells | ? | |||||
Antibodies | ? |
Asterisks indicate allocation of T-cell or antibody responses to defined antigens.
Ref., reference number.