Total lymphocytes |
Decreased |
Decreased |
PEM |
T lymphocytes |
Decreased |
Decreased |
PEM |
CD4 T lymphocytes |
Decreased |
Decreased |
PEM |
CD8 T lymphocytes |
Transient increase, then decrease |
Relatively maintained |
— |
CD4: CD8 T-cell ratio |
Inverted |
Reversed |
PEM |
Lymphocyte responsiveness to mitogens/antigens |
Reduced |
Reduced |
PEM, vitamin A, E, zinc, iron |
Cell-mediated immunity |
Compromised |
Compromised |
PEM, essential amino acids (pyridoxine) |
B lymphocytes |
Polyclonal activation |
Generally maintained |
— |
Immunoglobulin levels |
Increased (IgA, IgG) |
Reduced (IgA, IgG, IgM) |
PEM, amino acids, vitamin B complex |
Secretory IgA (sIgA) |
Increased |
Decreased |
PEM |
B-cell activity |
Reduced |
Reduced |
PEM, |
Primary antibody responses |
Reduced |
Reduced |
PEM |
Antibody affinity |
Decreases with increase in HIV progression |
Reduced |
PEM |
NK cell activity |
Increased |
Reduced |
Vitamin A, C, zinc, iron, selenium |
Serum complement |
Increased |
Reduced |
PEM, essential amino acids |
Serum β-2 microglobulin |
Increased, marker of HIV progression |
Increased |
PEM |
IFN-γ
|
Increased |
Reduced |
Amino acids, essential fatty acids, iron |
TNF-α, IL-6 |
Increased |
Increased |
PEM |
Anti-inflammatory Cytokines (IL-4) |
Reduced |
Increased |
PEM |
Soluble IL-2 receptors |
Increased |
Reduced |
PEM |
Antioxidants |
Reduced |
Reduced |
Essential amino acids (arginine), selenium, zinc, manganese, copper, vitamins A, C, E |
C-reactive protein |
Increased, marker of HIV disease progression |
Increased |
PEM |