Table 2.

Estimated Probit Regression Models of Successful Quitting

Variable	Category	All smokers cohort		ADM disorder smokers cohort		Non-ADM disorder smokers cohort
		Analysis without instrumental variable	Exercise counseling as an instrumental variable	Analysis without instrumental variable	Exercise counseling as an instrumental variable	Analysis without instrumental variable	Exercise counseling as an instrumental variable
Smoking cessation counseling	Yes	−1.036***	0.879**	−0.925***	1.063**	−1.160***	0.863**
Gender	Female	0.191*	0.052	−0.050	−0.178	0.378**	0.254*
Age	25–34	−0.184	−0.185	−0.102	−0.257	−0.271	−0.107
	35–44	−0.480*	−0.595***	−0.418	−0.633**	−0.618*	−0.575*
	45–54	−0.382	−0.526**	−0.485	−0.648**	−0.373	−0.470
	55–64	−0.189	−0.387*	−0.306	−0.628*	−0.246	−0.325
	65+	0.095	−0.070	0.033	−0.306	0.151	0.074
Race/ethnicity	Black	0.372**	0.461***	0.258	0.451*	0.483*	0.478**
	Other	0.183	0.270	0.239	0.346	0.195	0.207
	Hispanic	0.243	0.504**	−0.096	0.214	0.546	0.704**
Region of residence	Midwest	−0.294*	−0.168	−0.359	−0.244	−0.291	−0.158
	South	−0.337**	−0.109	−0.524**	−0.346*	−0.243	0.048
	West	0.066	0.167	−0.012	−0.026	0.076	0.272
Education	High school	0.081	0.072	−0.026	0.078	0.236	0.059
	College or higher	0.384*	0.291*	0.624*	0.574*	0.393	0.154
US born	Yes	−0.201	−0.107	−0.284	−0.273	−0.277	−0.061
Household income	$25,000–$49,999	0.036	−0.035	−0.110	−0.181	0.158	0.086
	$50,000–$75,000	−0.130	−0.080	−0.403	−0.377	0.035	0.090
	>$75,000	0.014	0.066	−0.419	−0.355	0.296	0.307
Marital status	Single	−0.205*	−0.126	−0.335*	−0.157	−0.086	−0.093
	Partner	0.153	0.001	0.435	0.297	−0.219	−0.345
Unemployed	Yes	−0.248	−0.256	−0.228	−0.243	−0.340	−0.320
Body mass index	25.0–30.0	0.109	0.067	−0.128	−0.043	0.294*	0.174
	>30.0	0.177	0.092	0.016	−0.050	0.329*	0.252
Health insurance	Not insured	−0.209	−0.034	−0.401	−0.052	−0.034	−0.020
	Medicare	−0.198	−0.247	−0.049	−0.070	−0.370	−0.389
	Medicaid	−0.405	−0.324	−0.313	−0.244	−0.697	−0.530
	Other	0.400	0.380	0.677	0.611	0.222	0.180
Physical activity	A little/fairly	−0.458*	−0.357*	−0.100	−0.201	−1.089**	−0.596*
	Quite	−0.574**	−0.431*	−0.237	−0.234	−1.194***	−0.727*
	Very/extremely	−0.520*	−0.329	−0.388	−0.148	−1.037**	−0.612*

Note. ADM disorder = alcohol, drug, or mental disorder. Reference categories are no counseling, male, age 18–24 years, non-Hispanic White, Northeast region, less than a high school degree, not born in the United States, annual household income less than $25,000, married, not unemployed, body mass index < 25, private health insurance coverage, and no physical activity. The coefficients and p-values in bold are for statistical significance.

*p < .05. **p < .01. ^***p < .001.