Table 1.
Effects of WSS magnitude on angiogenic events and signaling. Experiments were performed using HUVECs unless otherwise stated.
| <2 dyn/cm2 | 3–8 dyn/cm2 | >10 dyn/cm2 | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| 3-D invasion assay | ||||
| invasion density | ↓ | ↑ | ↓ | (54) |
| invasion depth | ↑ | ↑ | (54) | |
|
| ||||
| 2-D Matrigel tubule formation assay | ↑ | ↑ ↑ | ↑ ↑ ↑ | (22) |
|
| ||||
| Transwell cell migration rate | - | ↑ | ↑ ↑ | (22) |
|
| ||||
| Ang-2 expression | ↑ | ↓ | ↓ | (40) |
| ↓ | (19)* | |||
|
| ||||
| TIE-2 expression | ↑ | ↑ | (19)* | |
| - | ↑ | ↑ | (40) | |
|
| ||||
| VEGF-A expression (in skeletal muscle microvascular EC) | ↑ | ↑ ↑ | (40) | |
| ↑ | (71)* | |||
|
| ||||
| Ephrin-B2 expression | ↑ | ↓ | ↓ | (39) |
| Ephrin-B2 expression (in VEGFR+ ESC) | ↑ | ↑ | (70) | |
| Ephrin-B4 expression (in VEGFR+ ESC) | ↓ | (70) | ||
|
| ||||
| Notch | ↑ | (111) | ||
| Notch1 and Notch 4 expression (in VEGFR2+ ESC) | ↓ | ↑ | (70) | |
|
| ||||
| Akt Phosphorylation | ↓ | ↑ | ↓ | (54) |
| ↑ | (19)* | |||
| ↑ | ↑ ↑ | (29) | ||
|
| ||||
| eNOS phosphorylation | ↑ | (29) | ||
|
| ||||
| HIF-1α, HIF-2α expression (in skeletal muscle microvascular EC) | ↓ | (71)* | ||
|
| ||||
| Foxo-1 binding activity | - | ↓ | (40) | |
| Foxo-1 expression | ↓ | (19)* | ||
| Foxo-1 phosphorylation and nuclear exclusion | ↑ | (19)* | ||
|
| ||||
| MMP-2 secretion | ↓ | ↑ | ↓ | (54) |
| - | ↓ | (72) | ||
| ↓ | (116) | |||
| ↑ | (99)* | |||
|
| ||||
| MMP-9 secretion | ↑ | (100)* | ||
| ↑ | (99)* | |||
|
| ||||
| ADAMTS1 expression | - | ↑ | ↑ ↑ | (48) |
*
vs. static condition