Table 5. ANOVAs and post hoc tests of distal phalanx variables.

Variable	ANOVAs	Ungulae means	Grooming means	Tamhane's T2 Tests
BH/GM*	F = 33.530; p<0.001	0.903 (0.009)	1.255 (0.096)	p = 0.022
TPL/GM	F = 23.303; p<0.001	2.554 (0.094)	3.303 (0.136)	p<0.001
SH-¼/GM	F = 49.090; p<0.001	0.689 (0.007)	0.905 (0.040)	p = 0.030
SH-¾/GM	F = 15.783; p<0.001	0.549 (0.009)	0.444 (0.005)	p<0.008
BW/GM	F = 8.568; p<0.001	1.266 (0.047)	1.313 (0.024)	p = 0.977
SW-¼/GM	F = 8.369; p<0.001	0.693 (0.011)	0.673 (0.021)	p = 0.999
SW-¾/GM	F = 15.249; p<0.001	0.691 (0.024)	0.624 (0.016)	p = 0.723
FSA	F = 19.234; p<0.001	77.040 (42.776)	61.932 (20.102)	p<0.001
VFL/GM	F = 40.891; p<0.001	2.078 (0.115)	1.230 (0.022)	p<0.001
VFL/TPL	F = 88.122; p<0.001	0.817 (0.013)	0.376 (0.004)	p<0.001
(SH-¼)/SH(-¾)	F = 15.729; p<0.001	1.281 (0.047)	2.079 (0.264)	p<0.002
(SW-¾)/TPL	F = 14.184; p<0.001	0.279 (0.008)	0.193 (0.003)	p<0.006

ANOVAs among distal phalanx groups (ungular, tegular, falcular, and grooming phalanges) for indices of distal phalanx shape and an angular measurement (FSA). The columns labeled ungulae and grooming means display the means and variances (in parentheses) for the ungulae and grooming claw groups respectively. Post hoc tests compare ungular and grooming phalanx groups. Comparisons are considered significant at the Bonferroni adjusted alpha of 0.0042. See Table 3 and Materials and Methods for measurement and group details.

*GM: “geometric mean” of all linear measurements which is used for size standardization.