Table 2.

Psychiatric disorders and functional variables at baseline and 11-year follow-up

	Persistent ADHD (N=74)	Remittent ADHD (N=22)	Controls (N=91)	Test statistic	p- value
Lifetime Psychiatric Disorders at Baseline
	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)
Oppositional defiant disorder	27 (36) ^a ^***	9 (41) ^a ^***	4 (4)	χ²₍₂₎=22.34	<0.001
Conduct disorder	8 (11) ^a ^**	1 (5)	0 (0)	Exact	0.002
Major depressive disorder	15 (20) ^a ^**	3 (14) ^a ^*	1 (1)	χ²₍₂₎=8.12	0.02
Bipolar disorder	9 (12) ^a ^**	1 (5)	0 (0)	Exact	0.002
Multiple (≥2) anxiety disorders	27 (36) ^a ^***	7 (32) ^a ^***	5 (5)	χ²₍₂₎=19.99	<0.001
School Functioning
Repeated grade	16 (22) ^a ^***	1 (5)	2 (2)	χ²₍₂₎=11.88	0.003
Special class	13 (18) ^a ^**	2 (9)	2 (2)	χ²₍₂₎=17.50	<0.001
Tutoring	53 (72) ^a ^***	13 (59) ^a ^***	14 (15)	χ²₍₂₎=7.78	0.02

Family Environment Scale at Baseline
	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD
Cohesion	39.2 ± 19.9 ^a ^***	48.3 ± 15.9	52.1 ± 16.9	F_(2,179)=7.39	<0.001
Expression	43.8 ± 13.1	51.2 ± 13.3	45.9 ± 14.5	F_(2,179)=1.87	0.16
Conflict	59.6 ± 11.7 ^a ^***	55.7 ± 10.2	52.0 ± 12.6	F_(2,179)=7.65	<0.001

One-year Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders at the 11-year Follow-up
	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)
Oppositional defiant disorder	14 (19)	2 (9)	4 (4)	χ²₍₂₎=5.70	0.06
Conduct/antisocial personality disorder	9 (12) ^a ^**	0 (0)	0 (0)	Exact	0.002
Major depressive disorder	17 (23) ^a ^**	2 (9)	6 (7)	χ²₍₂₎=6.58	0.04
Bipolar disorder	8 (11)	0 (0)	2 (2)	Exact	0.15
Multiple (≥2) anxiety disorder	22 (30) ^a ^***	3 (14) ^a ^***	6 (7)	χ²₍₂₎=12.66	0.002
Psychoactive substance use disorder	25 (34)	7 (32)	21 (23)	χ²₍₂₎=1.63	0.44
Smoking	11 (15)	5 (23) ^a ^**	4 (4)	χ²₍₂₎=6.95	0.03

Lifetime School Functioning at the 11-year Follow-up
Repeated grade	25 (34) ^a ^***	5 (23) ^a ^**	3 (3)	χ²₍₂₎=15.71	<0.001
Special class	26 (35) ^a ^***	6 (27) ^a ^**	4 (4)	χ²₍₂₎=17.50	<0.001
Tutoring	67 (91) ^a ^***	19 (86) ^a ^***	36 (40)	χ²₍₂₎=41.13	<0.001
Detention^{^}	30 (62)	9 (75)	34 (45)	χ²₍₂₎=5.43	0.07
Suspension^{^}	14 (30) ^a ^**	4 (33) ^a ^*	6 (8)	χ²₍₂₎=9.10	0.01
Expulsion^{^}	2 (4)	0 (0)	0 (0)	Exact	0.57
Graduated high school^{^}^‡	43 (91) ^a ^**	14 (100)	73 (100)	Exact	0.002

vs. Controls,

vs. Remittent ADHD;

p≤0.05,

^**

p≤0.01,

^***

p≤0.001

^{^}

Missing data (Persistent ADHD, N=49; Remittent ADHD, N=14; Controls, N=76)

^‡

Limited to participants over 18 years of age