Fig 5.

Internalization of A. actinomycetemcomitans OMV proteins is independent of retrograde transport. A. actinomycetemcomitans strain D7SS OMVs (WT) and PBS (buffer) were used to treat HeLa cells for 6 h in the presence of brefeldin A (final concentration, 10 μM). After treatment, cells were fixed and incubated with a polyclonal antibody specific for whole cells of A. actinomycetemcomitans serotype a. Actin filaments and nuclei were then stained with phalloidin (green) and DAPI (blue), respectively. Bound antibodies were detected with TRITC (red). The left panels show merged images from staining with the three dyes. The right panels show images from TRITC staining only. Confocal Z-stack projections are included in all images. The cross hairs indicate the positions of the xz and yz planes. Magnification, ×1,000. Bars = 10 μm.