Table 1.
Characteristics of mothers by ethnic category
| Ethnic category | All | Asian | Part-Asian | Mixed-Othera | Caucasian | p valueb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 101 | 34 | 22 | 23 | 22 | --- |
| Age (years) | 47.0±4.4 | 48.8±5.7 | 46.3±4.0 | 47.2±4.1 | 47.9±4.3 | 0.27 |
| Postmenopausal status (N)c | 27 | 9 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 0.53 |
| Menopausal hormone use (N) | 22 | 11 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 0.19 |
| Weight (kg) | 71.0±17.0 | 62.8±13.8 | 72.8±16.6 | 80.5±17.5 | 72.2±16.6 | <0.001 |
| Height (cm) | 160.4±7.3 | 155.5±5.4 | 161.1±7.5 | 163.4±6.1 | 164.2±6.8 | <0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.5±6.0 | 26.0±5.7 | 27.9±5.4 | 30.1±6.3 | 26.9±6.1 | 0.06 |
| Overweight/obese (N)d | 32/28 | 14/4 | 5/8 | 7/10 | 6/6 | 0.17 |
| DXA body fat measures | ||||||
| Total body fat (%) | 39.8±7.8 | 38.1±7.2 | 39.0±7.3 | 42.8±8.0 | 40.0±8.7 | 0.23 |
| Android fat (kg) | 2.6±1.44 | 2.3±1.3 | 2.6±1.3 | 3.2±1.6 | 2.5±1.5 | 0.17 |
| Gynoid fat (kg) | 5.3±1.92 | 4.4±1.4 | 5.2±1.6 | 6.4±1.9 | 5.7±2.3 | 0.0001 |
| Android/gynoid fat ratio | 0.48±0.16 | 0.52±0.18 | 0.50±0.17 | 0.47±0.14 | 0.41±0.11 | 0.08 |
| Trunk fat (kg) | 15.0±13.4 | 13.1±6.0 | 15.3±6.9 | 17.9±7.8 | 14.6±7.2 | 0.11 |
| Periphery (arm and leg) fat (kg) | 12.8±10.8 | 9.5±3.5 | 11.8±4.4 | 14.9±4.7 | 13.1±5.0 | <0.0001 |
| Trunk/periphery fat ratio | 1.26±0.39 | 1.38±0.42 | 1.32±0.51 | 1.18±0.27 | 1.09±0.21 | 0.02 |
a
Mixed-Other includes 1 African American, 1 Hispanic and 1 Pacific Islander.
b
P values for anthropometric and DXA measures are based on log-transformed data and reflect the overall difference across ethnicity as categorical variable.
c
Postmenopausal status is defined as no menstrual period ≥ 365.25 days; one woman with missing data in the Caucasian category.
d
Based on body mass index: overweight: 25 to <30; obese: ≥ 30.