Table 9.
Effects of Malassezia interactions with cellsa
| Species | Reference | Growth medium | Ratio of no. of Malassezia cells/no. of cells | Substrate(s) | Growth factor(s) of innate immunity | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M. furfur | 306 | Dixon's agar | Live or heat-killed cells | Monocytic cell line (THP-1), granulocytic cell line (HL-60) | Up, IL-1α, IL-8; no change, IL-6, -8, and -12, TNF-α | ELISA and reverse transcription-PCR with visual comparison of the produced mRNA were employed, thus having restricted sensitivity; opsonized cells induced higher levels of IL-8 expression than did nonopsonized cells |
| M. furfur | 329 | SD liquid + Tween 40 | 1 to 1 | Normal human keratinocytes | No effect, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, MCP-1 | No effect on expression of cytokines tested |
| M. furfur | 28 | SD + olive oil + Tween 80 | 30 to 1 | HaCaT | Up, ICAM-1, IL-10, TGF-β1; down, IL-1α, TNF-α; no expression, IL-6 | IL-6 was not expressed, and this was attributed to the downregulation of IL-1α and TNF-α |
| M. furfur | 329 | SD liquid + Tween 40 | 1 to 1 | Normal human keratinocytes | Up, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α; no change, MCP-1 | 1-24 h of stimulation, efficient cytokine production when coincubation was done for >6 h; M. furfur and all culture supernatants had no effect on cytokine production |
| M. furfur | 86 | SD + olive oil + Tween 80 | 30 to 1 | Normal human keratinocytes | Up, HBD-2, TGF-β1, IL-10 | HBD-2 is protein kinase C dependent and has the ability to kill M. furfur cells at 50 μg/ml |
| M. furfur | 27 | SD + olive oil + Tween 80 | 30 to 1 | Normal human keratinocytes | Up, TGF-β1, integrins (αv, β1, β3, β5), HSP70 | Activating protein 1 was considered to mediate expression, as this effect was inhibited by curcumin |
| M. furfur | 26 | SD + olive oil + Tween 80 | 30 to 1 | Normal human keratinocytes | Up, TLR2, MyD88, IL-8, HBD-2 and -3 | TLR2-dependent increase in levels of HBD-2 and IL-8 |
| M. furfur | 161 | LNA | 20 to 1 | PHK16-0b, normal human keratinocytes | No significant expression of cytokines by microarray analysis | Absence of a T-helper-2-polarizing response of keratinocytes was attributed to minor contribution of this species to atopic eczema |
| M. furfur | 316 | LN broth | 27 to 1 | Normal human keratinocytes | Up, IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10; no change, TNF-α | Stimulation of cytokine production depended on species, growth phase (exponential vs stationary), and removal of the lipid layer; nonviable, stationary cells of M. furfur produced the highest increase in levels of IL-6 |
| M. globosa | 161 | LNA | 20 to 1 | PHK16-0b, normal human epidermal keratinocytes | IL-3, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-10, IL-13, GM-CSF, IL-8, TIMP-1 and -2 | Slightly lower expression levels of cytokines in human keratinocytes, with GM-CSF, IL-5, and IL-10 being the most significantly induced |
| M. globosa | 316 | LN broth | 27 to 1 | Normal human keratinocytes | Up, IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10; no change, TNF-α | Stimulation of cytokine production depended on species, growth phase (exponential vs stationary), and removal of the lipid layer; viable, stationary cells produced the highest increase in levels of IL-8 after lipid capsule removal |
| M. globosa | 160 | LNA | 20 to 1 | Normal human keratinocytes | Thymic stromal lymphopoietin | Expression level of thymic stromal lymphopoietin was increased at higher calcium concentrations and was decreased when cells were treated with detergent |
| M. restricta | 316 | LN broth | 27 to 1 | Normal human keratinocytes | Up, IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10; no change, TNF-α | Stimulation of cytokine production depended on species, growth phase (exponential vs stationary), and removal of the lipid layer; viable, stationary cells produced the second highest increase in IL-8 levels after lipid capsule removal |
| M. restricta | 161 | LNA | 20 to 1 | PHK16-0b, normal human epidermal keratinocytes | IL-4, monocyte inhibitory protein 3α, leptin, cutaneous-T-cell-attracting chemokine, placental growth factor | IL-4 was the only cytokine significantly expressed in normal human keratinocytes |
| M. restricta | 160 | LNA | 20 to 1 | Normal human keratinocytes | Thymic stromal lymphopoietin | Expression level of thymic stromal lymphopoietin was increased at higher calcium concentrations and was decreased when cells were treated with detergent |
| M. slooffiae | 329 | SD liquid + Tween 40 | 1 to 1 | Normal human keratinocytes | Up, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α; no change, MCP-1 | Achieved lower levels expression of cytokines than M. pachydermatis and levels equivalent to those achieved by M. sympodialis; culture supernatants had no effect |
| M. slooffiae | 329 | SD liquid + Tween 40 | 1 to 1 | Normal human keratinocytes | Up, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α; no change, MCP-1 | 1-24 h of stimulation, efficient cytokine production at >6 h of coincubation; culture supernatants had no effect on cytokine production |
| M. slooffiae | 316 | LN broth | 27 to 1 | Normal human keratinocytes | Up, IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10; no change, TNF-α | Stimulation of cytokine production depended on species, growth phase (exponential vs stationary), and removal of the lipid layer |
| M. sympodialis | 329 | SD liquid + Tween 40 | 1 to 1 | Normal human keratinocytes | Up, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α; no change, MCP-1 | Achieved lower levels of expression of cytokines than M. pachydermatis and levels comparable to those of M. sympodialis; culture supernatants had no effect |
| M. sympodialis | 161 | LNA | 20 to 1 | PHK16-0b, NHEK | IL-6, bone morphogenetic protein 6 | Absence of a T- helper-2-polarizing response of keratinocytes was attributed to the minor contribution of this species to atopic eczema |
| M. sympodialis | 316 | LN Broth | 27 to 1 | Normal human keratinocytes | Up, IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10; no change, TNF-α | Stimulation of cytokine production depended on species, growth phase (exponential vs stationary), and removal of the lipid layer |
| M. sympodialis | 282 | Whole extract | Bone marrow-derived mouse mast cells | Up, cysteinyl leukotrienes, IL-6, MCP-1 | The extract increased the level of production of cysteinyl leukotrienes in non-IgE-sensitized cells and IgE-mediated degranulation, IL-6, and ERK phosphorylation in IgE receptor-cross-linked cells; this activation was TLR2/MyD88 dependent and independent | |
| M. sympodialis | 264 | M. sympodialis extract | Bone marrow-derived mouse mast cells | Up, IL-6, IL-8, TLR-2, dectin-1 | Mast cells from atopic dermatitis patients demonstrated a defective expression of dectin-1 and an enhanced response to M. sympodialis | |
| M. obtusa | 316 | LN broth | 27 to 1 | Normal human keratinocytes | Up, IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10; no change, TNF-α | Stimulation of cytokine production depended on species, growth phase (exponential vs stationary), and removal of the lipid layer; M. obtusa caused the second highest level of IL-6 production with nonviable, stationary cells after removal of the lipid layer |
| M. pachydermatis | 329 | SD liquid + Tween 40 | 1 to 1 | Normal human keratinocytes | Up, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α; no change, MCP-1 | Achieved the highest levels of expression of cytokines compared to those of M. sympodialis and M. slooffiae; culture supernatants had no effect |
| M. pachydermatis | 340 | Potato dextrose agar with olive oil | Increasing concentrations | Bone marrow-derived macrophages | Up, TNF-α, MIP-2, KC, IL-10 | Part of the induction of these cytokines was through the activation of Mincle |
a
SD, Sabouraud dextrose agar; IL, interleukin; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; ICAM-1: intercellular adhesion molecule 1; TGF, transforming growth factor; MCP-1, monocyte chemotactic protein 1; HBD, human beta defensin; HSP70, heat shock protein 70; TLR2, Toll-like receptor 2; LNA, Leeming-Notman agar; LN, Leeming-Notman; GM-CSF, granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor; TIMP-1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.