TABLE 1.

Summary of agents tested for activity against JCV and PML^a

AGENT	TYPE	TARGET	LABORATORY	CLINIC
AraC (Cytarabine, Cytosine arabinoside)	Nucleoside Analog	Viral DNA	+b	−c
Cidofovir	Nucleoside Analog	Viral DNA	−b	−d
Topotecan/Camptothecin	Topoisomerase Inhibitor	Viral DNA	+e	+/−f
Antipsychotics	5HT2A Agonists	Viral Entry	+/−g	+/−h
IL-2	Immunostimulator	T-cells	N/A	(+)i
Interferon α	Antiviral	Replication	+j	−k
Interferon β	Antiviral	Replication	+j	−l
CMX001m	Derivatized Nucleoside Analog	Viral DNA	+n	(+)o
Mefloquine	Unknown	Unknown	+p	In Progressq
HAART	Anti-HIV-1	HIV-1	N/A	+r
LSTcs	Pentasaccharide	Viral Entry	+t	ND
C/EBPβ LIP	Transcription Factor	Viral Transcription	+u	ND
SF2/ASF Factor	Transcription	Viral Transcription	+v	ND
siRNA	RNAi	Viral mRNAs	+w	ND

^aadapted and extended from [6,123].

^b[79].

^cAIDS Clinical Trials Group 243 Team reported no benefit for HIV/PML patients on HAART [99]. Levy et al [124] have suggested that convection-enhanced intraparenchymal delivery (CEID) of cytosine arabinoside is effective based on a case report. In a retrospective study [100], no significant effect was reported. Aksamit [97] reported some success in treating non-AIDS PML.

^dDe Luca et al [80] reported that cidofovir in addition to antiretroviral treatment is not effective for AIDS-associated PML. Epker et al [84] reported ineffectiveness for both HIV+ and non-HIV PML. Yagi et al [91] reported a case study of successful treatment of PML developed in incomplete Heerfordt syndrome.

^e[101]

^fTopotecan is poorly tolerated but Royal et al [125] reported some success with a small group of patients.

^gConflicting positive [68,77] and negative [69] reports.

^h[70–74].

ⁱThree case reports [105–107].

^j[109]

^k[111–113]

^l[114]

^m1-O-hexadecyloxypropyl cidofovir

ⁿ[93,94]

^oOne case report [126].

^p[102]

^qhttp://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00746941

^r[97]

^sNeuNAc-α2,6-Gal-β1,4-GlcNAc-β1,3-Gal-β1,4-Glc

^t[116]

^u[127]

^v[128]

^w[117–119]