Table 4.

Results of the risk of bias assessment per study^a

Author (reference)	Representative spectrum	Acceptable reference standard	Acceptable delay between tests	Partial verification avoided	Differential verification avoided	Incorporation avoided	Index test results blinded	Reference standard results blinded	Relevant clinical information	Uninterpretable results reported	Withdrawals reported
Obayashi et al. (43)	No	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	No	Unclear	Unclear
Yasuoka et al. (59)	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	No	Yes	Yes
Mitsutake et al. (38)	No	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	No	Yes	Yes
Moro et al. (40)	No	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	Unclear
Odabasi-1 et al. (45)	No	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	No	Yes	Yes
Odabasi-2 et al. (45)	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	No	Unclear	Yes
Kondori et al. (26)	No	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes
Kawazu et al. (24)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	Unclear
Horiguchi (20)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes
Pickering et al. (49)	No	Yes	Unclear	No	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	No	Yes	No
Pazos et al. (47)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes
Ostrosky-Zeichner et al. (46)	No	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	Yes
Yoshida et al. (60)	No	Yes	Unclear	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	No	Yes	Yes
Fujita et al. (14)	No	Yes	Unclear	No	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	No
Tasaka et al. (56)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	No	No
Akamatsu et al. (2)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	Unclear
Alam et al. (3)	No	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	No	Yes	Unclear
Lu et al. (33)	No	Yes	Unclear	No	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	Unclear
Persat et al. (48)	No	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	No	Yes	Yes
Senn et al. (54)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear
Obayashi et al. (44)	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	No	Yes	Yes
Watanabe et al. (57)	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	No	Yes	Yes
Desmet et al. (12)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes
Presterl et al. (50)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	No	No	No
Koo et al. (27)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes
Hachem et al. (16)	Yes	Yes	Yes	UNclear	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	Unclear
Lunel et al. (34)	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes
Zhao et al. (62)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes
Racil et al. (51)	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	No	Unclear	Unclear
Leon et al. (29)	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	Yes
Liu et al. (32)	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes
Yu et al. (61)	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	No	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	Unclear
Hirata et al. (19)	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	Yes
Held et al. (17)	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes
Acosta et al. (1)	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	Yes
Alexander et al. (4)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes

^aYes indicates no bias; No indicates potential bias; Unclear indicates bias unclear.