Figure 1.

Screening, enrollment, and follow-up of study participants. Women from the Mathare North City Council Clinic and women referred from 5 neighboring clinics were screened for eligibility between 28 and 32 weeks gestation. Analyses were separated by the pregnancy and postpartum periods due to several women delivering prior to 38 weeks gestation and not having follow-up visits during pregnancy. *Reasons women did not meet inclusion criteria (not mutually exclusive) included: age <18 years (n = 1), HSV-2 seronegative (n = 85), CD4 <250 cells/mm³ (n = 67), eligible for HAART (n = 70), planned to deliver/reside outside of Nairobi (n = 24).