Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics, Risk Behaviors, and Sexually Transmitted Infection Symptoms Among Males and Their Female Partners, by Study Arm
| Males, No (%), by Study Group |
Females, No. (%), by Study Group |
|||||
| Intervention | Control | P Value | Intervention | Control | P Value | |
| (n = 353) | (n = 365) | (n = 368) | (n = 372) | |||
| Age | .82 | .84 | ||||
| 15–19 y | 8 (2.3) | 7 (1.9) | 80 (21.7) | 72 (19.6) | ||
| 20–24 y | 85 (24.1) | 93 (25.5) | 139 (37.8) | 148 (39.8) | ||
| 25–29 y | 127 (36.0) | 120 (32.9) | 99 (26.9) | 104 (28.0) | ||
| 30–49 y | 133 (37.7) | 145 (39.7) | 50 (13.6) | 48 (12.9) | ||
| Marital status | .11 | .038 | ||||
| Monogamous | 317 (89.8) | 340 (93.2) | 320 (87.0) | 341 (91.7) | ||
| Polygamous | 36 (10.2) | 25 (6.8) | 48 (13.0) | 31 (8.3) | ||
| Religion | .66 | .99 | ||||
| Catholic | 225 (63.7) | 244 (66.8) | 224 (60.9) | 223 (59.9) | ||
| Protestant | 105 (29.7) | 104 (28.5) | 106 (28.8) | 108 (29.0) | ||
| Saved/ Pentecostal/other | 21 (5.9) | 16 (4.4) | 28 (7.6) | 30 (8.1) | ||
| Muslim | 2 (0.6) | 1 (0.3) | 10 (2.7) | 11 (3.0) | ||
| Education | .78 | .46 | ||||
| No education | 29 (8.2) | 30 (8.2) | 49 (13.3) | 40 (10.8) | ||
| Primary | 249 (70.5) | 256 (70.1) | 266 (72.3) | 266 (71.5) | ||
| Secondary | 56 (15.9) | 53 (14.5) | 43 (11.7) | 56 (15.1) | ||
| Postsecondary | 19 (5.4) | 26 (7.1) | 10 (2.7) | 10 (2.7) | ||
| Sex partners in past year, no.a | .78 | .35 | ||||
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| 1 | 215 (60.9) | 213 (58.4) | 359 (97.6) | 358 (96.2) | ||
| 2 | 99 (28.0) | 110 (30.1) | 7 (1.9) | 13 (3.5) | ||
| ≥3 | 39 (11.0) | 42 (11.5) | 2 (0.5) | 1 (0.3) | ||
| Nonmarital relationships | .56 | .80 | ||||
| No | 308 (87.3) | 313 (85.8) | 362 (98.4) | 365 (98.1) | ||
| Yes | 45 (12.7) | 52 (14.2) | 6 (1.6) | 7 (1.9) | ||
| Condom use in past 12 mo | .25 | .32 | ||||
| None | 238 (67.4) | 231 (63.3) | 309 (84.0) | 302 (81.2) | ||
| Consistent or inconsistent use | 115 (32.6) | 134 (36.7) | 59 (16.0) | 70 (18.8) | ||
| Alcohol use with sex in past 6 mo | 186 (52.7) | 201 (55.1) | .52 | 107 (29.1) | 104 (28.0) | .74 |
| Transactional sexual intercourseb | 3 (0.8) | 5 (1.4) | .51 | 2 (0.5) | 3 (0.8) | .66 |
| Self-reported symptoms of STIs | ||||||
| Genital ulcer disease | 14 (4.0) | 24 (6.6) | .12 | 31 (8.4) | 33 (8.9) | .83 |
| Urethral discharge | 8 (2.3) | 9 (2.5) | .86 | 169 (45.9) | 156 (41.9) | .27 |
| Dysuria | 10 (2.8) | 20 (5.5) | .08 | 77 (20.9) | 62 (16.7) | .14 |
| HSV-2 statusc | .41 | 1.00 | ||||
| Negative | 254 (72.2) | 272 (74.9) | 368 (100.0) | 372 (100.0) | ||
| Indeterminate | 39 (11.1) | 43 (11.8) | 0 | 0 | ||
| Positive | 59 (16.8) | 48 (13.2) | 0 | 0 | ||
The number of men is less than the number of female partners enrolled, because of polygynous unions.
Abbreviations: HSV-2, herpes simplex virus type 2; STI, sexually transmitted infection.
a
Includes long-term partners.
b
Defined as sexual intercourse in exchange for money or gifts.
c
Could not be determined for 1 male in the intervention arm and for 2 males in the control arm.