Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of individuals who developed PAD (cases) versus those who did not (controls).
| Characteristic | Cases (n=110) | Controls (n=230) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 59.0 (7.7) | 58.7 (7.5) | 0.75 | |
| White | 106 (98.2%) | 214(95.1%) | 0.18 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.6 (4.4) | 25.3 (4.5) | 0.45 | |
| Smoking | Current | 49 (44.6%) | 106 (46.1%) | …* |
| Past | 41 (37.3%) | 82(35.7%) | ||
| Never | 20 (18.2%) | 42(18.3%) | ||
| Diabetes | Yes | 7 (6.4%) | 3 (1.3%) | 0.01 |
| Hypertension | Yes | 44 (40.0%) | 64(27.8%) | 0.02 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | Yes | 50 (45.5%) | 79 (34.4%) | 0.05 |
| Family History of MI | Yes | 17 (15.5%) | 31(13.5%) | 0.63 |
| Postmenopausal | Yes + current HRT | 30 (27.3%) | 92(40.0%) | 0.42 |
| Yes − current HRT | 44 (40.0%) | 81(35.2%) | ||
| No | 18 (16.4%) | 27 (11.7%) | ||
| Unknown | 18 (16.4%) | 30 (13.0%) | ||
| Exercise at least once a week | 45 (40.9%) | 91(39.6%) | 0.84 | |
| Alcohol Use | Rare/never | 51 (46.4%) | 90(39.1%) | 0.14 |
| 1–3/mo | 11 (10.0%) | 23(10.0%) | ||
| 1–6/wk | 34 (30.9%) | 78(33.9%) | ||
| 1+/day | 14 (12.7%) | 39 (17.0%) | ||
| Biomarker Level | ||||
| Adiponectin (μg/mL) | HMW | 3.3 (0.5–12.3) | 3.8 (0.4–16.7) | 0.0005 |
| Total | 5.6 (1.5–23.7) | 7.4 (1.6–27.4) | <0.0001 | |
| HMW:Total Adiponectin ratio | 0.53 (0. 1) | 0.53 (0.1) | 0.57 | |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 19.8 (4.2–74.2) | 19.4(1.6–85.9) | 0.78 | |
| CRP (mg/L) | 3.1 (0.1–48.4) | 2.2 (0.1–52.9) | 0.001 | |
| sICAM-1 (ng/mL) | 418.5 (181.9–785.0) | 370.1 (158.5–835.6) | 0.0002 | |
| Hemoglobin A1C (%) | 5.1 (4.5–11.8) | 5.0 (4.3–9.0) | 0.01 | |
| Fasting Insulin† (μIU/mL) | 7.9(1.7–50.9) | 6.6 (1.9–93.3) | 0.32 | |
Data shown are median values (range) or percentages. P-values for medians were computed using the van Elteren test for continuous variables and a matched χ2 test for categorical variables. Means and standard deviations are reported for age, BMI and HMW:total adiponectin, as these levels were normally distributed. P-values for these three variables were determined using repeated measures analysis.
*
Matching factor. 5-year age groups were also a matching factor, but not age as a continuous
variable, which is presented above.
†
Restricted to individuals with fasting blood draws (n=83 cases, n=172 matched controls)