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. 2011 Dec 5;12(12):8924–8946. doi: 10.3390/ijms12128924

Figure 2.

Figure 2

BMP signaling. Smad signaling is initiated upon phosphorylation of Smad-1, -5 or -8 by a heteromeric complex of BMPRII, BMPRI and BMP ligand. Phosphorylated Smads recruit Smad-4 and translocate to the nucleus where, in association with co-repressors or co-activators, regulate the transcription of specific target genes. Non Smad pathways, such as p38 MAP kinase and PI3 kinase, are also initiated by heteromeric complexes. The long cytoplasmic tail of BMPRII binds to cytoskeleton regulators mediating actin remodeling (LIMK1) and microtubule stabilization (JNK).