Table 1.
Specific floral markers used to determine the botanical origin of particular honey types.
| Method Employed | Honey Type/Country | Floral Marker | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| USE-GC-MS | Thyme (Greece) | 3-hydroxy-4-phenyl-2-butanone and 3-hydroxy-1-phenyl-2-butanone | Alissandrakis et al. [43] |
| SDE-GC-MS | Oak honeydew (Spain) | Trans-Oak lactone | Castro-Várquez et al. [4] |
| HS-SPME-GC-MS | Tolpis virgata | 3,5-dihydroxytoluene and tridecane | Odeh et al. [44] |
| Thymus capitatus | 1,3-diphenyl-2-propanone, (3-methylbutyl)benzene, 3, 4, 5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde and 3, 4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde | ||
| Thymalae hirsuta | Benzene propanol, benzylalcohol, nonanal, hexanol and 4-methoxyphenol | ||
| (Palestine) | |||
| HS-SPME-GC-MS-Olfactometry | Acacia | Hexanal | Wardencki et al. [32] |
| Buckwheat | Pentanal, furfural and 2-ethylhexanol | ||
| Lime | p-methyl acetophenone | ||
| Honeydew | Methyl butanal and lilac ldehyde | ||
| Rape | p-Cymene | ||
| (Poland) | |||
| SPME-GC-MS | Citrus | Methyl anthranilate and limonene diol | Piasenzotto et al. [28] |
| Lime tree | p-methyl acetophenone, carvacrol and 8-p-menthen-1,2-diol | ||
| Thyme | Ethenyl phenyl acetate | ||
| Dandelion | Phenyl acetonitrile | ||
| Chestnut | Aminoacetophenone | ||
| Eucalyptus | Nonanoic acid and acetoin | ||
| (Italy) | |||
| USE-GC-MS | Salvia officinalis L. (Croatia) | Benzoic acid and phenyl acetic acid | Jerković et al. [13] |
| HS-SPME-GC-MS | Medicago sativa (alfafa) | Octanal, benzene acetaldehyde,1-octanol, 2-methoxyphenol, nonanal and 2-H-1-benzopyran-2-one | Baroni et al. [2] |
| Helianthus annus (sunflower) | |||
| Melilotus albus (white clover) | |||
| Prosopis spp (carob) | |||
| Prosopis caldenia (Calden) | |||
| (Argentina) | |||
| LNSDE-SE-GC-MS | Calluna vulgaris (France, Belgium, Uk, Norway, Germany) | Phenyl acetic acid, dehydrovomifoliol and 3,5,5-trimethylcyclohex-2-ene derivative | Guyot et al. [38] |
| Erica arborea (France, Greece, Italy) | 4-methoxybenzaldehyde, 4-methoxybenzoic acid And methyl vanillate | ||
| SPME-GC-MS | Quillajia saponaria (Quillay) | Megastigmatrienone, 2-p-hydroxyphenyl alcohol, β-pineme and linalool oxide. | Montenegro et al. [11] |
| Escallonia pulverulenta (corontillo) | Safranal | ||
| Eucryphia cordifolia (Ulmo) | Isophorone and cetosiophorone | ||
| (Chile) | |||
| MSDE-GC-MS | Eucalyptus | 3-caren-2-ol, p-cymene and its derivate alcohol. | Castro-Várquez et al. [40] |
| Citrus | Linalool oxide, lilac alcohol and lilac aldehyde | ||
| Lavender | Nerolidol oxide | ||
| (Spain) | |||