Table 6.
Positive prevalence of parameters for four levels of alcohol consumption n (%)
| Non or minimal | Light | Moderate | Excess | Non or minimal vs light | Light vs moderate | Moderate vs excess | |
| Men | |||||||
| Fatty liver | 2248 (36.5) | 457 (26.4) | 449 (27.8) | 424 (28.7) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| MS defined by rATP III | 1282 (20.8) | 331 (19.1) | 317 (19.6) | 373 (25.2) | 0.12 | 0.33 | < 0.001 |
| MS defined by IDF | 668 (10.9) | 165 (9.5) | 143 (8.8) | 182 (12.3) | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.15 |
| Fatty liver among men with MS defined by rATP III | 923 (72) | 204 (61.6) | 188 (59.3) | 206 (55.2) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Fatty liver among men with MS defined by IDF | 568 (85) | 118 (71.5) | 100 (69.9) | 127 (69.8) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| MS defined by rATP III among men with fatty liver | 923 (41.1) | 204 (44.6) | 188 (41.9) | 206 (48.6) | 0.17 | 0.79 | 0.005 |
| MS defined by IDF among men with fatty liver | 568 (25.3) | 118 (25.8) | 100 (22.3) | 127 (30) | 0.85 | 0.22 | 0.058 |
| Components of MS | |||||||
| High waist circumference | 968 (15.7) | 257 (14.8) | 236 (14.6) | 257 (17.4) | 0.38 | 0.32 | 0.15 |
| High blood pressure | 1766 (28.7) | 591 (34.1) | 626 (38.7) | 707 (47.8) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| High fasting plasma glucose | 2332 (37.9) | 681 (39.3) | 749 (46.3) | 729 (49.3) | 0.31 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Low HDL-C | 2133 (34.7) | 425 (24.5) | 333 (20.6) | 284 (19.2) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| High triglycerides | 1385 (22.5) | 360 (20.8) | 394 (24.4) | 459 (31.1) | 0.13 | 0.14 | < 0.001 |
| High BMI (> 25 kg/m2) | 1731 (28.1) | 417 (24) | 388 (24) | 379 (25.6) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.07 |
| Smoking status | |||||||
| Current smoker | 2012 (32.7) | 602 (34.7) | 657 (40.7) | 740 (50.1) | 0.12 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Never smoker | 2220 (36.1) | 446 (25.7) | 308 (19.1) | 180 (12.2) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Ex smoker | 3933 (63.9) | 1288 (74.3) | 1308 (80.9) | 1298 (87.8) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Usage of drugs | 938 (15.2) | 249 (14.4) | 307 (19) | 326 (22.1) | 0.38 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Regular exerciser | 1096 (17.9) | 361 (20.9) | 326 (20.3) | 272 (18.5) | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.64 |
| Wine consumer | 45 (0.7) | 18 (1) | 17 (1.1) | 14 (0.9) | 0.26 | 0.30 | 0.52 |
| Women | |||||||
| Fatty liver | 719 (10.5) | 22 (5.4) | 9 (4.3) | 7 (8.3) | < 0.001 | 0.01 | 0.65 |
| MS defined by rATP III | 632 (9.2) | 19 (4.7) | 17 (8.2) | 6 (7.1) | < 0.001 | 0.73 | 0.65 |
| MS defined by IDF | 494 (7.2) | 12 (3) | 10 (4.8) | 6 (7.1) | < 0.001 | 0.25 | 0.84 |
| Fatty liver among women with MS defined by rATP III | 322 (50.9) | 4 (21.1) | 3 (17.6) | 2 (33.3) | 0.020 | 0.013 | 0.65 |
| Fatty liver among women with MS defined by IDF | 284 (57.5) | 3 (25) | 3 (30) | 2 (33.3) | 0.051 | 0.16 | 0.44 |
| MS defined by rATP III among women with fatty liver | 322 (44.8) | 4 (18.2) | 3 (33.3) | 2 (28.6) | 0.024 | 0.73 | 0.63 |
| MS defined by IDF among women with fatty liver | 284 (39.5) | 3 (13.6) | 3 (33.3) | 2 (28.6) | 0.026 | 0.97 | 0.84 |
| Components of MS | |||||||
| High waist circumference | 1257 (18.2) | 61 (15) | 26 (12.6) | 16 (19) | 0.12 | 0.05 | 0.96 |
| High blood pressure | 1026 (14.9) | 65 (16) | 45 (21.7) | 22 (26.2) | 0.58 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
| High fasting plasma glucose | 906 (13.1) | 70 (17.2) | 33 (15.9) | 19 (22.6) | 0.02 | 0.29 | 0.02 |
| Low HDL-C | 1772 (25.7) | 58 (14.3) | 25 (12.1) | 10 (11.9) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.01 |
| High triglycerides | 507 (7.4) | 12 (3) | 18 (8.7) | 6 (7.1) | 0.00 | 0.56 | 0.89 |
| High BMI (> 25 kg/m2) | 792 (11.5) | 30 (7.4) | 14 (6.8) | 9 (10.7) | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.96 |
| Smoking status | |||||||
| Current smoker | 372 (5.4) | 50 (12.3) | 57 (27.5) | 25 (29.8) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Never smoker | 6086 (88.3) | 291 (71.7) | 106 (51.2) | 37 (44) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Ex smoker | 804 (11.7) | 115 (28.3) | 101 (48.8) | 47 (56) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Usage of drugs | 575 (8.3) | 36 (8.9) | 22 (10.6) | 6 (7.2) | 0.78 | 0.30 | 0.87 |
| Regular exerciser | 1179 (17.2) | 82 (20.3) | 34 (16.7) | 19 (22.6) | 0.13 | 0.91 | 0.25 |
| Wine consumer | 140 (2) | 30 (7.4) | 17 (8.2) | 11 (13.1) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
This table indicates the positive prevalence of parameters for four levels of alcohol consumption: non or minimal, < 40 g/wk; light, 40–140 g/wk; moderate, 140–280 g/wk; and excess, > 280 g/wk. Two groups of subjects were compared by using the unpaired t test and χ2 test. The significance of differences between two side-by-side groups among the four groups was determined by two-tailed, multiple χ2 tests with Bonferroni correction (P < 0.016 for three comparisons in four groups). Smoking status was also categorized into three groups; never smoker, ex smoker and current smoker. Regular exercisers were defined as participants who performed any kind of sports at least once a week. Usage of drugs was defined as participants who receive any drugs that potentially affected metabolic syndrome (MS). HDL-c: High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; rATP III: Revised National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III; IDF: International Diabetes Federation; BMI: Body mass index.