Figure 5.

Forest plots comparing studies on the effects of capsiate on substrate oxidation (RQ) by low (1), intermediate (2), and high (3) dose. The weight that the study received in the overall association is indicated by the size of the gray squares. SMD was used as an effect size indicator. The 95% CIs are represented by error bars. The pooled estimates for each analysis are represented by diamonds. SMD ± 95% CIs show that capsiate enhances fat oxidation (indicated by SMD < 0) overall as well as at high doses. Capsiate had no significant effect on substrate oxidation at low or intermediate doses. I-squared was used to assess heterogeneity. All I-squared values (subtotal and overall) were not statistically significant when subdivided by dose. This indicates that SMD with 95% CI can be interpreted separately by dose or when all 3 dose levels are combined into a single overall estimate. Multiple subscripts following author name indicates the use of more than one pepper dose within the same study. This figure appears in color in the online version of Chemical Senses.