Table 2.
Studies on the effect of capsiate on thermogenesis and appetite
| Study | Participants | Experimental design/intervention | Thermogenesis | Appetite |
| Galgani and Ravussin (2010) | 78 ♂ in the United States (LA) Young adults Overweight |
Parallel-arm double blind Randomized to 1 of 3 supplements for 4 weeks: 1) 3 mg/day dihydrocapsiate (capsules) 2) 9 mg/day dihydrocapsiate (capsules) 3) 0 (placebo) |
↑ RMR 54 kcal/day (3 and 9 mg groups combined) No effect on FAT oxidation, body wt, fat mass, or fat-free mass |
n/a |
| Galgani et al. (2010) | 13 ♂ in the United States (LA) Age 28.4 ± 1.4 years BMI 27.1 ± 1.0 kg/m2 (mean ± SE) |
Randomized crossover double blind 1) 1 mg capsinoids (capsules) 2) 3 mg capsinoids (capsules) 3) 6 mg capsinoids (capsules) 4) 12 mg capsinoids (capsules) 5) 0 (placebo) Capsinoids (capsiate, dihydrocapsiate, nordihydrocapsiate in a 70:23:7 ratio) |
No effect on RMR, FAT oxidation, or axillary temperature | n/a |
| Josse et al. (2010) | 12 ♂ in Canada (Ontario) Age 24.3 ± 3 years BMI 25.5 ± 1.7 kg/m2 (mean ± SD) |
Randomized crossover double blind Ingested capsules 30 min before 90 min cycling and 30 min recovery 1) 10 mg capsinoids (capsules) 2) 0 (placebo) Capsinoids (capsiate, dihydrocapsiate, nordihydrocapsiate in a 70:23:7 ratio) |
↑ SNS activation, EE (VO2), and FAT oxidation | n/a |
| Lee et al. (2010) | 26 ♂ and 20 postmenopausal ♀ in the United States (CA) BMI 26.9–38 kg/m2 |
Parallel-arm double blind Randomized to 1 of 3 supplements for 4 weeks (while following an 800 kcal/day, 120 g/day PRO diet): 1) 3 mg/day dihydrocapsiate (capsules) 2) 9 mg/day dihydrocapsiate (capsules) 3) 0 (placebo) |
↑ PPEE (9 mg > 3 mg > placebo) ↑ FAT oxidation (3 and 9 mg > placebo) No effect on body wt, fat mass, or BMR |
n/a |
| Snitker et al. (2009) | 40 ♂ and 40 ♀ in the United States (NJ) Age 42.6 ± 8 y BMI 25–35 kg/m2 (mean ± SD) |
Parallel-arm double blind Randomized to 1 of 2 supplements for 12 weeks: 1) 6 mg/day capsinoids (capsules) 2) 0 (placebo) Capsinoids (capsiate, dihydrocapsiate, nordihydrocapsiate in a 70:23:7 ratio) |
↓ Abdominal adiposity (correlated with change in body wt) Tended to ↑ FAT oxidation No effect on RMR |
n/a |
| Inoue et al. (2007) | 44 ♂ and postmenopausal ♀ in Japan Age 30–65 years BMI ≥ 23 kg/m2 (BMI ≥ 25, n = 28) |
Parallel-arm double blind Randomized to 1 of 3 supplements for 4 weeks: 1) 3 mg/day capsinoids (capsules) 2) 10 mg/day capsinoids (capsules) 3) 0 (placebo)Capsinoids (capsiate, dihydrocapsiate, nordihydrocapsiate) |
↑ FAT oxidation positively correlated with BMI ↑ VO2 (10 mg, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 only) Tended to ↑ EE and FAT oxidation (3 and 10 mg, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 only) Tended to ↓ body wt and BMI (3 and 10 mg) |
Tended to ↑ PRO intake (10 mg only) No effect on energy, FAT, CHO, cholesterol, or fiber |
| Kawabata et al. (2006) | 7 ♂ (capsiate group) and 5 ♂ (control) in Japan Young adults BMI 17–30 kg/m2 |
Parallel arm 1) Capsinoids (0.4 g/kg/day for 2 weeks (divided between 3 meals, ingested uncooked, and frozen before meals) 2) Control (received no supplemental food) |
↓ Body wt, BMI, fat mass, fat-free mass, total fat area, and RQ Tended to ↑ FAT oxidation and SNS activity Tended to ↓ visceral FAT area No effect on subcutaneous fat area, resting VO2, CHO oxidation, RMR, or PSNS activity |
n/a |
| Ohnuki et al. (2001) | 7 ♂ and 4 ♀ in JapanAge 21–32 years | Crossover 1) CH-19 Sweet: 0.1 g/kg (containing 0.3–1 mg/g capsiate ingested orally) 2) California-Wandar: 0.1 g/kg (containing neither capsiate or capsaicin ingested orally) |
↑ Core body (tympanic membrane of ear) and body surface (forehead, wrist, and neck) temperature ↑ VO2 No effect on substrate oxidation |
n/a |
Abbreviations: basal metabolic rate (BMR), carbohydrate (CHO), not applicable (n/a), oxygen consumption (VO2), parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS), protein (PRO), red pepper (RP), and resting metabolic rate (RMR).