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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2011 Jan 6;50(3):408–416. doi: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.12.018

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Schematic representations of the sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in CMs. The precise localization and orientation of Nox4 on the mitochondrial membranes remain to be elucidated. Red characters indicate ROS; O2−, H2O2, and 2 hydroxyl radical (OH−). Blue characters indicate the sources of ROS. mPTP, mitochondrial permeability transition pore; SOD, superoxide dismutase; UQ, ubiquinone; Cyt c, cytochrome c; GSH, glutathione; GSSG, glutathione disulfide; TRxred, reduced thioredoxin; TRxox, oxidized thioredoxin.