Table 2.

Examples of human trials with probiotics and the strains used for tretament.

Category of subjects	Strains	Major symptom affected	Systemic marker affected	Ref.
Healthy subjects	L. salivarius CECT5713	-	NK-cells, monocytes, IgM, IgA, IgG, IL-10	[ 84]
	L. casei Shirota	-	NK-cells	[ 85]
	L. paracasei Lpc-37, L. acidophilus 74-2, B. animalis subsp. lactis DGCC 420	-	CD57+, phagocytic activity oxidative burst	[ 86]
	L. acidophilus 74-2, B. animalis subsp. lactis DGCC 420	-	phagocytic activity	[ 87]
	L. rhamnosus GG	-	Receptors CR1, CR3, FcγRI, IgαR	[ 88]
	L. plantarum WCSF1	-	Occluding, ZO-1	[ 89]
Metabolic syndrome and low-grade inflammation	L. acidophilus 145, B. longum 913	-	HDL-cholesterol	[ 90]
	L. helveticus -, S. cerevisiae -	Blood pressure	-	[ 91]
	L. plantarum 299v	-	total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, fibrinogen	[ 92]
	L. plantarum 299v	Systolic blood pressure	leptin, fibrinogen, F2-isoprostanes, IL-6	[ 93]
	B. lactis HN019	-	CD3+, CD4+, CD25+, CD56+, phagocytic activity, tumoricidal activity of NK cells	[ 94]
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)	Mixture (1)	-	alanine-aminotransferase (ALAT), γ-glutamyl-transpeptidase, 4-hydroxynonenal, TNF-α	[ 95]
	VSL#3 (2)	-	S-nitrosothiols, malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-hydroxynonenal	[ 96]
Alcohol-related liver injury	B. bifidum -, L. plantarum 8PA3	-	ALAT, aspartate-aminotransferase (ASAT), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, lactate dehydrogenase, bilirubin	[ 97]
	L. casei Shirota	-	neutrophil phagocytic activity TLR4	[ 98]
Fibrosis, cirrhosis, liver transplantations and minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE)	P. pentoseceus 5-33:3, L. mesenteroides 32-77:1, L.paracasei 19, L. plantarum 2592	Child-Turcotte-Pugh score	ammonia, endotoxin, bilirubin, ALAT, albumin, prothrombin activity	[ 99]
	L. acidophilus -	Clinical status	ammonia	[ 100,101]
	S. thermophilus-, L. bulgaricus -, L. acidophilus -, bifidobacteria -, L. casei -	MHE reversal	-	[ 102]
	L. plantarum 299	Incidence of postoperative infections	-	[ 103]
	P.pentosaceus 5-33:3, L. mesenteroides 77:1, L. paracasei F19, L. plantarum 2362	Incidence of postoperative infections	-	[ 104]
Acute pancreatitis	“Ecologic 641” (3)	-(4)	-	[ 82]
Acute pancreatitis	L. plantarum -	Clinical outcome	-	[ 83]
Critically ill patients	L. plantarum 299v	-	IL-6, intestinal translocation	[ 105]
	L. plantarum 299v	-	intestinal translocation, IL-10 white blood cell count, lactate	[ 106]
	VSL#3	-	IgA, IgG	[ 107]
Allergy; infants	L. acidophilus LAVRI-A1	-	-	[ 108]
	L. rhamnosus GG	Atopic eczema	-	[ 109]
	B. lactis Bb-12	SCORAD score	soluble CD4, eosinophilic protein X	[ 110]
	L. rhamnosus GG	SCORAD	soluble CD4, eosinophilic protein X	[ 110]
	L. acidophilus NCFM, B. lactis Bl-04	Nasal symptoms	IgA	[ 111]
	L. rhamnosus GG	-	IgA, alpha1-antitrypsin	[ 112]
	mixture (5)	-	IgA	[ 112]
	L. gasseri CECT5714, L. coryniformis CECT5711	-	IgE, IgA, CD4(+)CD25(+) T regulatory cells, NK-cells	[ 113]
	B. lactis Bb12	Body weight	Calprotectin, IgA	[ 114]
Allergy; adults	L.paracasei Lpc-37, L. acidophilus 74-2, B. animalis subsp. lactis DGCC 420	-	CD4(+)CD54(+)	[ 86]
	L. rhamnosus GG	-	Receptors CR1, CR3, FcγRI, IgαR	[ 88]
Crohn’s disease	L. rhamnosus GG	None (6)	-	[ 115]
	L. rhamnosus GG	None	-	[ 116]
	L. rhamnosus GG	None	-	[ 117]
	L. rhamnosus GG	Clinical outcome	-	[ 118]
	L. rhamnosus GG	Clinical activity	Intestinal permeability	[ 119]
	L. johnsonii LA1	None	-	[ 120]
	L. johnsonii LA1	None	-	[ 121]
Ileal pouchitis, ulcerative colitis and colorectal cancer	VSL#3	Disease activity	CD4+CD25high cells, CD4+ LAP+ cells, IL-1β mRNA, Foxp3 mRNA	[ 122]
	VSL#3	Disease activity index, remisson	-	[ 123]
	VSL#3	Remission	-	[ 124]
	VSL#3	Disease activity index, inflammatory bowel disease questionnaire, remission	-	[ 125]
	BIO-THREE (7)	Clinical symptoms, endoscopic findings	-	[ 126]
	E. coli Nissle 1917	Clinical symptoms	-	[ 127]
	L. rhamnosus GR1, L. reuteri RC-14	-	CD4+CD25high cells, IL-12, TNF-α/IL-12-producing monocytes, DCs	[ 128]
	L. rhamnosus GG	Remission	-	[ 129]
	B. breve Yakult, B. bifidum Yakult, L. acidophilus -	Clinical activity index, endoscopic activity index	-	[ 130]
	Bifidobacterium -, Lactobacillus -, Enterococcus -	Flare-ups	NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10	[ 131]
	Bifidobacterium -	Postoperative septic complications	SIgA, IgG, IgM, IgA, IL-6, C-reactive protein (CRP)	[ 132]
Radiation-induced enteritis	VSL#3	Diarrhea, bowel movements	-	[ 133]
	L. rhamnosus -	Bowel movements, stool consistency	-	[ 134]
	L. rhamnosus GG	Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort	-	[ 135]
	L. acidophilus -	Diarrhea, flatulence	-	[ 136]
	L. casei DN-114 001	Stool consistency	-	[ 137]

⁽¹⁾ Mixture containing L. acidophilus, L. bifidus, L. rhamnosus, L. plantarum, L. salivarius, L. bulgaricus, L. lactis, L. casei,and L. breve; no strain labels are given in the paper; ⁽²⁾ VSL#3 is a mixture of L. casei, L. plantarum, L. acidophilus, L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, Bifidobacterium longum, B. breve, B. infantis and “ Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus”; no strain labels are given in the paper; ⁽³⁾ “Ecologic 641” is a mixture containing Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus salivarius, Lactococcus lactis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Bifidobacterium lactis; no species labels are given in the paper; ⁽⁴⁾ No effect on occurrence of infectious complications and increased risk of mortality; ⁽⁵⁾ Mixture containing L. rhamnosus GG ATCC 53103, L. rhamnosus LC705, B. breve Bbi99, and Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. s hermanii JS 2; ⁽⁶⁾ “None” is indicating that no significant effects on symptoms or clinical outcome could be noted; ⁽⁷⁾ BIO-THREE is a mixture of Streptococcus faecalis T-110, Clostridium butyricum TO-A and Bacillus mesentericus TO-A.