Table 2.
Effects of SCFAs or their derivatives in inflammatory conditions.
| Disease | Route of administration and dosage | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Inflammatory bowel disease | Diet with RS (1.53 kg/10 kg of diet) | Improvement of symptoms; epithelial cell proliferation; regeneration of laminin; growth of intestinal bacteria | [78] |
| Diet supplemented with cellobiose (9%) | Reduction of weight loss; diminished tissue edema; attenuation of inflammatory cytokine concentrations | [79] | |
| Fiber supplementation (5%) before and after TNBS colitis | Reduction in MPO and NO synthase activities; restoration of colonic glutathione levels; diminished TNF-α concentrations | [80] | |
| SB enemas (100 mM) | Increased the duration of pain in rats with colitis | [81] | |
| Improves clinical symptoms and inflammatory scores | [82] | ||
| SB enemas (100 mM) | Minor effects on colonic inflammation and oxidative stress; increased IL-10/IL-12 ratio and CCL5 concentrations | [83] | |
| 5-ASA (2 g) + SB (80 mM) enemas | Improvement versus the baseline; only one remission | [84] | |
| Oral SB (10 mg/kg) | Improvement of mucosa lesion and attenuation of the inflammatory profile of intestinal mucosa and local lymph nodes in a model of DSS-induced colitis | [85] | |
| Sepsis and ALI | SB (500 mg/kg) intravenous (i.v.) injection | Reduced serum alanine aminotransferase, MPO activity and creatinine concentrations; improved survival rates | [86] |
| Oral butyrate (10 mg/kg) | Attenuation of lung histopathological changes, alveolar hemorrhage and neutrophil infiltration | [87] | |
| TSA (2 mg/kg) or SB (200 mg/kg) intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection | Reduced neutrophil infiltration, inhibited ICAM-1 and E-selectin expression in lung | [88] | |
| Ischemia induced injury | SB (100 or 300 mg/kg, i.p.) | Reduced infarct size | [89] |
| Diminished brain infarct volume and microglial activation | [64] |
Abbreviations: Acute lung injury (ALI), Aminosalicylic Acid (ASA), Intercellular Adhesion Molecule (ICAM-1), Interleukin (IL), Nitric oxide (NO), Mieloperoxidase (MPO), Resistant Starch (RS), Short chain fatty acids (SCFA), Trichostatin (TSA), Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS), Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α).