Table 1.
Light modulation techniques.
| Scanning | Holographic | DLP | Two-photon | Fiber optic | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Induces action potentials | Yes | Slowly | Yes | Slowly with beam multiplexing or large excitation volumes (Nikolenko et al., 2007; Matsuzaki et al., 2008) | Yes |
| Single-cell resolution | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
| Spatial resolution | 50–100 μm | 5–20 μm | 50–100 μm | <1 μm – decreases with beam multiplexing or increased focal volumes | Uncaging: 80 μm (Godwin et al., 1997), CHR2: 100 μm–1 mm with cell-type specificity (Aravanis et al., 2007; Campagnola et al., 2008) |
| Depth/penetration | Not reported, likely <300 μm | Not reported, likely <300 μm | Not reported, likely <300 μm | Up to 1.2 mm | Unlimited |
| Spatiotemporal patterns | No – fast sequential in some (e.g., Boucsein et al., 2005; Shoham et al., 2005) | Spatial, not temporal | Spatiotemporal with large synchronously accessible fields (Jerome et al., 2011) | No – fast sequential | No |
| Reference | Boucsein et al. (2005), Callaway and Katz (1993), Canepari et al. (2001), Corrie et al. (1993), Dalva and Katz (1994), Farber and Grinvald (1983), Kandler et al. (1998), Kaplan et al. (1978), Katz and Dalva (1994), Matsubara et al. (1992), Papageorgiou and Corrie (2000), Papageorgiou et al. (1999), Pettit et al. (1997), Shembekar et al. (2005), Shepherd et al. (2003), Shoham et al. (2005), Trigo et al. (2009), Volgraf et al. (2007), Wang et al. (2000) | Golan et al. (2009), Dal Maschio et al. (2010), Zahid et al. (2010) | Wang et al. (2007b), Dhawale et al. (2010), Liang et al. (2011), Leifer et al. (2011), Jerome et al. (2011) | Araya et al. (2006a,b), Bloodgood (2005), Denk et al. (1990), Fedoryak et al. (2005), Fino et al. (2009), Gasparini and Magee (2006), Gordon et al. (2009), Harvey and Svoboda (2007), Kantevari et al. (2010), Losonczy and Magee (2006), Losonczy et al. (2008), Makara et al. (2009), Dal Maschio et al. (2010), Matsuzaki et al. (2001, 2004, 2008), Nikolenko et al. (2007, 2008), Zhang et al. (2008b), Zito et al. (2009) | Godwin et al. (1997), Ghezzi et al. (2007), Kandler et al. (1998), Aravanis et al. (2007), Campagnola et al. (2008) |