Fig. 4.

Phylogenetic analysis of genes regulated upon midgut invasion by P. falciparum. Percentages of genes either unique to A. gambiae (A) or with identifiable orthologs in Aedes aegypti and D. melanogaster (B) that are upregulated (yellow) or downregulated (blue) are shown. Significant differences from the overall transcriptome registered for each data set (gray) were analyzed statistically using hypergeometric distribution (single asterisks indicate a P value of <0.05; double asterisks indicate a P value of <0.05 after Bonferroni correction). indep., independent.