Table 2.
Risk of urothelial cancer in diabetics relative to nondiabetics overall, and by sex, ethnicity, smoking status and stage.
| Number of cases |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| Diabetes | No diabetes | RRa (95% CI) | |
| Overall | 135 | 783 | 1.25 (1.04–1.50) |
| By sex | |||
| Men | 101 | 599 | 1.18 (0.96–1.47) |
| Women | 34 | 184 | 1.48 (1.02–2.14) |
| By ethnicity | |||
| Japanese American | 38 | 239 | 1.07 (0.76–1.51) |
| White | 30 | 286 | 1.38 (0.95–2.01) |
| Latino | 22 | 106 | 1.03 (0.65–1.63) |
| African American | 32 | 117 | 1.40 (0.94–2.07) |
| By smoking | |||
| Never | 26 | 181 | 1.13 (0.74–1.71) |
| Former smokers | 86 | 412 | 1.31 (1.04–1.66) |
| Current smokers | 23 | 190 | 1.15 (0.74–1.79) |
| By stage | |||
| In situ and localized | 105 | 632 | 1.23 (0.99–1.51) |
| Regional/distant | 21 | 114 | 1.25 (0.78–2.00) |
a
Relative risk and 95% confidence interval [RR (95% CI)] for urothelial cancer associated with diabetes controlling for ethnicity and sex as strata variables and adjusting for smoking status, intensity and duration, and employment in a high risk industry, when not stratified by these variables.