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A model for signal exchange in the actinorhizal symbiosis. Actinorhizal plant roots released flavonoids that induce production of the yet unknown Frankia symbiotic signal leading to the activation of the “SYM” and actinorhizal “NOD” pathways. Furthermore, upon Frankia penetration in root hair and cortical cells, auxin accumulates in infected cells driving infection and nodule organogenesis. Adapted from references 3 and 4.
