Fig. 4.

Overview of the steps involved in GLUT4 trafficking at the plasma membrane. GSVs interact with a host of molecules as they are delivered to the cell periphery and tethered, docked and fused at the plasma membrane. GSVs approach the plasma membrane where they are tethered by actin, the exocyst or TBC1D4, or a combination of these in parallel or in series. The vesicle docks with the plasma membrane as the ternary complex is formed between VAMP2 on the GSV and syntaxin-4 and SNAP23 on the plasma membrane. This complex can then facilitate fusion of a GSV with the plasma membrane. The Rab proteins shown on GSVs in this figure were identified on GSVs in at least two separate proteomic studies (see www.jameslab.com.au/Contentpages/DataResources/GSVProteome.shtml).