Table 2.
Characteristics of the subjects by lung function status
| Characteristics | Normal lung function (n = 10,669) | Airflow obstruction | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GOLD stage I (n = 452) | GOLD stage II–IV (n = 466) | |||
| Age (years) | 54.1 ± 8.9 | 61.2 ± 9.8 | 60.8 ± 9.6* | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.8 ± 2.9 | 22.9 ± 2.5 | 23.2 ± 2.9* | <0.001 |
| FEV1 % predicted | 95.6 ± 9.6 | 89.2 ± 7.7 | 66.7 ± 11.2*,# | <0.001 |
| FEV1/FVC (%) | 79.7 ± 4.8 | 66.2 ± 2.9 | 62.2 ± 6.9*,# | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.88 ± 0.31 | 0.87 ± 0.21 | 0.85 ± 0.14 | 0.17 |
| Estimated GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 74.4 ± 12.9 | 72.8 ± 14.1 | 74.0 ± 13.9 | <0.05 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 0.11 ± 0.36 | 0.13 ± 0.41 | 0.18 ± 0.41* | <0.05 |
| Hyper-LDL-cholesterolemia (%) | 32.5 | 28.5 | 35.0 | 0.10 |
| Hypertension (%) | 30.7 | 32.3 | 39.9*,# | <0.001 |
| Diabetes (%) | 9.9 | 7.5 | 12.7# | 0.32 |
| Medication | ||||
| Treatment for cholesterolemia (%) | 8.0 | 8.0 | 13.1*,# | <0.001 |
| Treatment for hypertension (%) | 18.8 | 19.0 | 29.2*,# | <0.001 |
| Treatment for diabetes (%) | 5.1 | 3.8 | 7.7*,# | <0.05 |
| Chronic kidney disease (%) | 10.2 | 14.4 | 14.8 | <0.001 |
| Smoking history (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Never smokers | 32.9 | 25.2 | 14.6 | |
| Former smokers | 37.9 | 40.3 | 38.4 | |
| Current smokers | 29.3 | 34.5* | 47.0* | |
| Pack-yearsa | 17.5 ± 18.9 | 26.0 ± 23.9 | 37.5 ± 27.5*,# | <0.001 |
| Alcohol intake (%) | <0.05 | |||
| Non-drinkers | 23.5 | 23.9 | 30.9 | |
| 1–2 days/week | 13.6 | 8.6 | 9.4 | |
| 3–4 days/week | 11.5 | 8.2 | 6.9 | |
| 5–6 days/week | 12.9 | 12.6 | 12.2 | |
| Everyday drinkers | 38.4 | 46.7* | 40.6 | |
| Regular physical activitya (%) | 35.2 | 45.6* | 39.5# | <0.001 |
*p < 0.05 compared with normal lung function; #p < 0.05 compared with GOLD stage I
Data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc Tukey test or Kruskal–Wallis test and post-hoc Bonferroni adjustment. Values are presented as the mean and, where appropriate, ± SD
GOLD Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease guidelines [2]
aPack-years and Regular physical activity are as defined in the footnote to Table 1