Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of 28,082 women free of hypertension according to fruit and vegetable intake1
| Characteristics | Total fruit intake | Total vegetable intake | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lowest | Medium | Highest | P, trend2 | Lowest | Medium | Highest | P, trend2 | |
| N | 2091 | 4708 | 5802 | 2873 | 8927 | 6679 | ||
| Median intake (servings/d) | 0.3 | 1.8 | 3.8 | 1.2 | 3.2 | 6.4 | ||
| Age (y) | 52.1±5.7 | 53.7±6.4 | 55.1±7.2 | < 0.0001 | 52.7±6.3 | 53.8±6.5 | 54.4±6.8 | < 0.0001 |
| Body mass index (Kg/m2) | 25.6±5.0 | 25.2±4.4 | 24.8±4.3 | < 0.0001 | 25.3±4.6 | 25.1±4.4 | 25.1±4.4 | 0.33 |
| Race of white (%) | 95.4 | 96.5 | 94.4 | 0.01 | 95.3 | 96.6 | 94.7 | 0.05 |
| Current smoking (%) | 30.9 | 12.4 | 7.0 | < 0.0001 | 19.6 | 13.0 | 10.3 | < 0.0001 |
| Alcohol intake (g/day) | 5.2±11.3 | 4.1±7.5 | 3.7±7.0 | 0.02 | 3.3±8.6 | 4.2±7.8 | 4.6±8.3 | < 0.0001 |
| Exercise (Kcal/week) | 622±1044 | 929±1067 | 1340±1471 | < 0.0001 | 674±1013 | 921±1083 | 1323±1510 | < 0.0001 |
| Postmenopausal (%) | 42.4 | 51.0 | 56.5 | < 0.0001 | 44.5 | 50.5 | 54.3 | < 0.0001 |
| Postmenopausal hormone use (%) | 34.6 | 41.1 | 42.4 | < 0.0001 | 36.8 | 41.1 | 42.3 | < 0.0001 |
| Multivitamin supplement use (%) | 24.3 | 29.3 | 32.9 | < 0.0001 | 29.5 | 29.8 | 30.1 | 0.57 |
| History of diabetes (%) | 1.24 | 1.15 | 1.69 | 0.09 | 1.22 | 1.12 | 1.54 | 0.18 |
| History of hypercholesterolemia (%) | 23.7 | 24.5 | 26.0 | 0.002 | 24.4 | 24.7 | 25.2 | 0.37 |
| Dietary factors | ||||||||
| Total energy intake (Kcal/d) | 1333±462 | 1674±461 | 2081±514 | < 0.0001 | 1303±433 | 1684±456 | 2065±529 | < 0.0001 |
| Whole grain intake (servings/d) | 0.81±0.92 | 1.37±1.13 | 1.88±1.39 | < 0.0001 | 0.95±1.03 | 1.36±1.11 | 1.85±1.38 | < 0.0001 |
| Low-fat dairy intake (servings/d) | 0.66±0.81 | 1.19±1.01 | 1.54±1.13 | < 0.0001 | 0.90±0.96 | 1.19±1.02 | 1.41±1.11 | < 0.0001 |
| Red meat intake (servings/d) | 0.75±0.58 | 0.70±0.50 | 0.66±0.53 | < 0.0001 | 0.61±0.50 | 0.71±0.52 | 0.72±0.59 | < 0.0001 |
| Systolic BP at baseline (%) | 0.11 | 0.81 | ||||||
| < 110 mmHg | 20.0 | 19.8 | 21.5 | 21.6 | 19.7 | 21.2 | ||
| 110 – 119 mmHg | 39.4 | 37.6 | 36.4 | 37.2 | 37.7 | 38.0 | ||
| 120 – 129 mmHg | 28.2 | 29.7 | 28.2 | 28.3 | 29.5 | 27.1 | ||
| 130 – 139 mmHg | 12.4 | 12.9 | 13.9 | 12.9 | 13.1 | 13.8 | ||
| Diastolic BP at baseline (%) | 0.003 | 0.003 | ||||||
| < 65 mmHg | 10.8 | 12.3 | 13.4 | 12.0 | 11.8 | 12.9 | ||
| 65 – 74 mmHg | 40.8 | 40.2 | 42.3 | 40.3 | 40.9 | 42.3 | ||
| 75 – 84 mmHg | 40.6 | 39.3 | 36.4 | 39.9 | 39.4 | 36.6 | ||
| 85 – 89 mmHg | 7.8 | 8.2 | 7.8 | 7.8 | 7.9 | 8.2 | ||
1
Values are mean ± SD for continuous variables and % for categorical variables.
2
Linear trends across increasing fruit and vegetable intake were tested using Jonckheere-Terpstra test for continuous variables and Cochrane-Armitage test for categorical variables.