Table 2.
Hazard ratios of hypertension according to baseline fruit and vegetable intake
| Categories of intake | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lowest | 2 nd | 3 rd | 4 th | Highest | P, trend1 | |
| Total fruits and vegetables | ||||||
| Range (servings/d) | <2 | 2-<4 | 4-<6 | 6-<8 | ≥8 | |
| Median (servings/d) | 1.6 | 3.2 | 5.0 | 6.9 | 9.8 | |
| N, cases/total | 685 / 1468 | 3128 / 6429 | 4050 / 8386 | 2881 / 5898 | 2880 / 5901 | |
| Basic model2 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.97 (0.89-1.05) | 0.93 (0.85-1.01) | 0.89 (0.82-0.97) | 0.86 (0.78-0.94) | < 0.0001 |
| Multivariable model 13 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.99 (0.91-1.08) | 0.95 (0.88-1.04) | 0.94 (0.86-1.03) | 0.90 (0.82-0.99) | 0.001 |
| Multivariable model 24 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (0.92-1.09) | 0.98 (0.90-1.07) | 0.98 (0.90-1.08) | 0.96 (0.88-1.06) | 0.31 |
| Multivariable 2+BMI | 1.00 (reference) | 1.03 (0.95-1.12) | 1.02 (0.94-1.11) | 1.04 (0.95-1.14) | 1.03 (0.93-1.13) | 0.80 |
| Total fruits | ||||||
| Range (servings/d) | <0.5 | 0.5-<1.5 | 1.5-<2 | 2-<3 | ≥3 | |
| Median (servings/d) | 0.3 | 1.1 | 1.8 | 2.4 | 3.8 | |
| N, cases/total | 1017 / 2091 | 4013 / 8254 | 2285 / 4708 | 3538 / 7220 | 2770 / 5802 | |
| Basic model2 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.93 (0.87-1.00) | 0.88 (0.81-0.95) | 0.85 (0.79-0.92) | 0.78 (0.73-0.85) | < 0.0001 |
| Multivariable model 13 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.95 (0.88-1.02) | 0.90 (0.83-0.97) | 0.88 (0.82-0.95) | 0.82 (0.75-0.89) | < 0.0001 |
| Multivariable model 24,5 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.98 (0.91-1.05) | 0.94 (0.87-1.02) | 0.93 (0.86-1.01) | 0.89 (0.81-0.96) | 0.0004 |
| Multivariable 2+BMI | 1.00 (reference) | 0.99 (0.92-1.06) | 0.98 (0.90-1.06) | 0.98 (0.91-1.06) | 0.95 (0.88-1.04) | 0.19 |
| Total vegetables | ||||||
| Range (servings/d) | <1.5 | 1.5 - <2.5 | 2.5 - <4 | 4 - <5 | ≥5 | |
| Median (servings/d) | 1.2 | 2.0 | 3.2 | 4.5 | 6.4 | |
| N, cases/total | 1387 / 2873 | 2679 / 5650 | 4375 / 8927 | 1919 / 3952 | 3263 / 6679 | |
| Basic model2 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.93 (0.87-0.99) | 0.94 (0.88-1.00) | 0.92 (0.86-0.99) | 0.89 (0.83-0.96) | 0.008 |
| Multivariable model 13 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.94 (0.88-1.00) | 0.96 (0.90-1.02) | 0.95 (0.88-1.02) | 0.93 (0.86-0.99) | 0.13 |
| Multivariable model 24,5 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.94 (0.88-1.01) | 0.98 (0.92-1.05) | 0.98 (0.91-1.06) | 0.99 (0.92-1.06) | 0.56 |
| Multivariable 2+BMI | 1.00 (reference) | 0.95 (0.89-1.01) | 0.99 (0.93-1.05) | 0.99 (0.92-1.07) | 0.98 (0.91-1.06) | 0.63 |
Linear trend was tested using the median value in each intake category as an ordinal variable.
Basic model adjusted for age (continuous), race (white, non-white), total energy intake (continuous), and randomized treatment (vitamin E, aspirin, β-carotene, or placebo).
Multivariable model 1 additionally adjusted for smoking (never, former, current), daily alcohol intake (continuous), exercise (continuous), postmenopausal status (yes, no, uncertain), postmenopausal hormone use (never, former, current), multivitamin supplement use (never, former, current), history of diabetes (yes, no), history of hypercholesterolemia (yes, no).
Multivariable model 2 adjusted for all covariates in multivariate model 1 plus intake of whole grains, red meats, low-fat dairy products, and nuts (all in quintiles).
Multivariable model 2 for fruit intake also adjusted for vegetable intake and vice versa.