Table 3.
Hazard ratios of hypertension according to individual fruit intake
| Categories of intake | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lowest | 2 nd | 3 rd | 4 th | Highest | P, trend1 | |
| Apples | ||||||
| Range | None / rarely | 1-3 sv / month | 1 sv / week | 2-4 sv / week | >4 sv / week | |
| N, cases / total | 1274 / 2509 | 3245 / 6583 | 3061 / 6341 | 3849 / 8092 | 2076 / 4323 | |
| Multivariable model 12 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.94 (0.88-1.00) | 0.89 (0.83-0.95) | 0.85 (0.80-0.91) | 0.85 (0.79-0.91) | < 0.0001 |
| Multivariable model 23 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.95 (0.89-1.02) | 0.93 (0.86-0.99) | 0.90 (0.84-0.96) | 0.91 (0.85-0.99) | 0.03 |
| Bananas | ||||||
| Range | None / rarely | 1-3 sv / month | 1 sv / week | 2-4 sv / week | >4 sv / week | |
| N, cases / total | 1286 / 2730 | 3241 / 6686 | 3033 / 6252 | 4045 / 8252 | 1857 / 3822 | |
| Multivariable model 12 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.03 (0.97-1.10) | 1.01 (0.95-1.08) | 1.00 (0.93-1.06) | 0.97 (0.90-1.05) | 0.07 |
| Multivariable model 23 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.02 (0.96-1.09) | 1.02 (0.96-1.10) | 1.02 (0.96-1.09) | 1.02 (0.95-1.10) | 0.88 |
| Oranges | ||||||
| Range | None / rarely | 1-3 sv / month | 1 sv / week | 2-4 sv / week | >4 sv / week | |
| N, cases / total | 2680 / 5431 | 3952 / 8045 | 2968 / 6227 | 2739 / 5686 | 1132 / 2388 | |
| Multivariable model 12 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.97 (0.92-1.02) | 0.93 (0.88-0.98) | 0.91 (0.86-0.97) | 0.86 (0.80-0.92) | < 0.0001 |
| Multivariable model 23 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.98 (0.94-1.03) | 0.96 (0.90-1.01) | 0.95 (0.90-1.00) | 0.91 (0.85-0.98) | 0.01 |
| Raisins | ||||||
| Range | None / rarely | 1-3 sv / month | 1 sv / week | > 1 sv / week | ||
| N, cases / total | 4629 / 9389 | 5101 / 10456 | 2153 / 4527 | 1665 / 3557 | ||
| Multivariable model 12 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.96 (0.92-1.00) | 0.90 (0.85-0.95) | 0.85 (0.80-0.90) | < 0.0001 | |
| Multivariable model 23 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.98 (0.94-1.02) | 0.93 (0.88-0.98) | 0.90 (0.85-0.96) | 0.0004 | |
| Strawberries | ||||||
| Range | None / rarely | 1-3 sv / month | 1 sv / week | > 1 sv / week | ||
| N, cases / total | 3393 / 7042 | 5723 / 11876 | 3376 / 6899 | 1042 / 2103 | ||
| Multivariable model 12 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.98 (0.94-1.03) | 1.00 (0.95-1.05) | 1.02 (0.94-1.09) | 0.58 | |
| Multivariable model 23 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (0.96-1.04) | 1.03 (0.97-1.08) | 1.07 (0.99-1.15) | 0.04 | |
| Blueberries | ||||||
| Range | None / rarely | 1-3 sv / month | ≥1 sv / week | |||
| N, cases / total | 8740 / 17867 | 3326 / 7028 | 1441 / 2959 | |||
| Multivariable model 12 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.95 (0.91-0.99) | 0.98 (0.92-1.03) | 0.08 | ||
| Multivariable model 23 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.97 (0.93-1.01) | 1.02 (0.96-1.08) | 0.93 | ||
Linear trend was tested using the median value in each intake category as an ordinal variable.
Multivariable model 1 adjusted for age (continuous), race (white, non-white), total energy intake (continuous), randomized treatment (vitamin E, aspirin, β-carotene, or placebo), smoking (never, former, current), daily alcohol intake (continuous), exercise (continuous), postmenopausal status (yes, no, uncertain), postmenopausal hormone use (never, former, current), history of diabetes (yes, no), and history of hypercholesterolemia (yes, no).
Multivariable model 2 adjusted for all covariates in multivariable model 1 plus intake of whole grains, red meats, low-fat dairy products, and nuts (all in quintiles), intake of vegetables (categories as defined in Table 2) and other fruits (continuous).