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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Am J Hypertens. 2011 Oct 13;25(2):180–189. doi: 10.1038/ajh.2011.186

Table 5.

Hazard ratios of hypertension according to fruit and vegetable intake in subgroups of women

Categories of intake
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th P, trend1 P, interaction2
Total Fruits (servings/d) <0.5 0.5 - <1.5 1.5 - <2 2 - <3 ≥3
 Baseline age 0.19
 <55 y
  N, cases / total 754 / 1586 2667 / 5899 1363 / 3089 1938 / 4432 1411 / 3350
  Multivariable model 23,4 1.00 (reference) 0.93 (0.85-1.01) 0.89 (0.81-0.98) 0.88 (0.80-0.97) 0.83 (0.75-0.93) 0.0006
 ≥55 y
  N, cases / total 263 / 505 1346 / 2355 922 / 1619 1600 / 2788 1359 / 2452
  Multivariable model 23,4 1.00 (reference) 1.11 (0.97-1.28) 1.08 (0.93-1.25) 1.08 (0.93-1.25) 1.02 (0.88-1.19) 0.17
 Body mass index 0.50
 <25 kg/m2
  N, cases / total 448 / 1133 1795 / 4481 1068 / 2609 1696 / 4145 1425 / 3504
  Multivariable model 23,4 1.00 (reference) 1.03 (0.93-1.15) 1.04 (0.92-1.17) 1.02 (0.90-1.14) 1.01 (0.89-1.14) 0.69
 ≥25 kg/m2
  N, cases / total 554 / 920 2125 / 3598 1169 / 2011 1771 / 2943 1296 / 2197
  Multivariable model 23,4 1.00 (reference) 0.93 (0.85-1.03) 0.88 (0.79-0.99) 0.91 (0.82-1.01) 0.86 (0.76-0.96) 0.02
 Smoking 0.14
 Never
  N, cases / total 636 / 1318 2176 / 4417 1174 / 2317 1650 / 3347 1197 / 2405
  Multivariable model 23,4 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (0.91-1.10) 0.99 (0.89-1.10) 0.95 (0.85-1.05) 0.94 (0.84-1.05) 0.09
 Ever
  N, cases / total 381 / 773 1830 / 3825 1110 / 2388 1884 / 3867 1573 / 3396
  Multivariable model 23,4 1.00 (reference) 0.92 (0.82-1.03) 0.87 (0.76-0.98) 0.89 (0.79-1.01) 0.81 (0.71-0.92) 0.001
 Baseline systolic/diastolic BP 0.02
 <120/80 mmHg
  N, cases / total 274 / 872 1175 / 3550 617 / 2007 956 / 3068 770 / 2581
  Multivariable model 23,4 1.00 (reference) 1.06 (0.92-1.22) 0.93 (0.80-1.09) 0.94 (0.81-1.09) 0.88 (0.75-1.04) 0.003
 ≥120/80 mmHg
  N, cases / total 722 / 1176 2773 / 4565 1634 / 2638 2531 / 4049 1966 / 3140
  Multivariable model 23,4 1.00 (reference) 0.95 (0.87-1.03) 0.96 (0.87-1.06) 0.95 (0.86-1.04) 0.94 (0.85-1.04) 0.48
Total Vegetables (servings/d) <1.5 1.5-<2.5 2.5-<4 4-<5 ≥5
 Baseline Age 0.97
 <55 y
  N, cases / total 934 / 2063 1682 / 3862 2601 / 5785 1117 / 2553 1798 / 4096
  Multivariable model 23,4 1.00 (reference) 0.95 (0.87-1.03) 1.01 (0.93-1.09) 1.00 (0.91-1.10) 1.02 (0.93-1.12) 0.22
 ≥55 y
  N, cases / total 453 / 810 997 / 1788 1774 / 3142 802 / 1399 1465 / 2583
  Multivariable model 23,4 1.00 (reference) 0.93 (0.83-1.05) 0.94 (0.84-1.05) 0.95 (0.84-1.08) 0.93 (0.82-1.05) 0.60
 Body mass index 0.44
 <25 kg/m2
  N, cases / total 620 / 1592 1270 / 3181 2083 / 5079 913 / 2224 1545 / 3800
  Multivariable model 23,4 1.00 (reference) 0.99 (0.90-1.10) 1.01 (0.91-1.11) 1.03 (0.92-1.15) 1.01 (0.90-1.12) 0.71
 ≥25 kg/m2
  N, cases / total 733 / 1220 1366 / 2377 2203 / 3679 962 / 1649 1652 / 2746
  Multivariable model 23,4 1.00 (reference) 0.91 (0.83-1.00) 0.98 (0.90-1.07) 0.95 (0.85-1.05) 0.98 (0.89-1.09) 0.43
 Smoking 0.58
 Never
  N, cases / total 713 / 1462 1320 / 2774 2191 / 4343 947 / 1924 1662 / 3302
  Multivariable model 23,4 1.00 (reference) 0.94 (0.85-1.03) 1.01 (0.92-1.10) 1.00 (0.90-1.11) 1.01 (0.91-1.12) 0.27
 Ever
  N, cases / total 671 / 1408 1357 / 2871 2180 / 4578 971 / 2026 1599 / 3371
  Multivariable model 23,4 1.00 (reference) 0.95 (0.86-1.05) 0.96 (0.88-1.06) 0.97 (0.87-1.09) 0.97 (0.87-1.08) 0.97
 Baseline systolic/diastolic BP 0.92
 <120/80 mmHg
  N, cases / total 381 / 1217 735 / 2395 1190 / 3776 525 / 1681 961 / 3013
  Multivariable model 23,4 1.00 (reference) 0.97 (0.86-1.11) 0.99 (0.87-1.12) 1.01 (0.88-1.17) 1.05 (0.91-1.21) 0.19
 ≥120/80 mmHg
  N, cases / total 979 / 1591 1907 / 3156 3112 / 5022 1372 / 2224 2256 / 3577
  Multivariable model 23,4 1.00 (reference) 0.94 (0.86-1.01) 0.99 (0.91-1.07) 0.99 (0.90-1.08) 1.02 (0.93-1.11) 0.10
1

Linear trend was tested using the median value in each intake category as an ordinal variable.

2

Interaction was tested using Wald χ2 tests.

3

Multivariable model adjusted for age (continuous), race (white, non-white), total energy intake (continuous), randomized treatment (vitamin E, aspirin, β-carotene, or placebo), smoking (never, former, current), daily alcohol intake (continuous), exercise (continuous), postmenopausal status (yes, no, uncertain), postmenopausal hormone use (never, former, current), history of diabetes (yes, no), history of hypercholesterolemia (yes, no), intake of whole grains, red meats, low-fat dairy products, and nuts (all in quintiles).

4

Model for fruit intake also adjusted for vegetable intake and vice versa.