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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Pain. 2011 Nov 9;12(12):1262–1273. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2011.08.010

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

A model representing the effects of task engagement and stimulus response on arousal. Pain and Task are mental constructions represented as latent (unmeasured) variables whose effects on arousal can be inferred from changes in arousal slopes relative to unit change in stimulus level (Stimulus Response) and task demand (Task Engagement). Anxiety and absorption are personality measures that can affect arousal directly or indirectly.