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Involvement of TGFβ and BMP signaling in atherosclerosis. Elevated expression of TGFβ and BMP2 and -4 during atherosclerosis leads to lesion formation and vascular calcification. Vascular calcification may be a result of smooth muscle cells (SMC) dedifferentiation to osteogenic SMC or differentiation of ECs in to mesenchymal osteogenic cells via endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndoMT).
