Table IV.

Comparison of the efficacy and safety of percutaneous renal biopsy techniques (manual versus automated)

Parameter	Michaca et al., México (manual) (n = 1,005)	Torres et al., México (automated) (n = 623)	Toledo et al., Spain (automated) (n = 797)	Castro et al., Portugal (automated) (n = 91)	Donovan et al., England (automated) (n = 192)	Eiro et al., Japan (automated) (n = 394)	Hergesell et al., Germany (automated) (n = 1090)
Efficacy [%]	88.7	97.6	–	92.3	97.8	98.5	98.8
Safety [%]
Minor complications	8.65	15.4	13.2	9.8	–	58.6	7.5
Major complications	2.48	2.24	0.75	4.3	0	0	0.3