TABLE 5.
Prepregnancy specific dietary fat and cholesterol intakes and risk of gestational diabetes in 13,475 women1
| Quintile |
||||||
| Variables | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | P-trend |
| SFA (cases) | 133 | 177 | 174 | 180 | 196 | — |
| Median | 16.15 | 19.40 | 21.67 | 24.00 | 27.55 | — |
| RR1 | 1.0 (reference)2 | 1.26 (1.01, 1.58) | 1.18 (0.94, 1.48) | 1.19 (0.95, 1.49) | 1.27 (1.02, 1.59) | 0.10 |
| RR2 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.36 (1.08, 1.71) | 1.27 (1.00, 1.60) | 1.30 (1.03, 1.64) | 1.34 (1.07, 1.69) | 0.04 |
| RR3 and trans fat, MUFA, and PUFA | 1.0 (reference) | 1.19 (0.92, 1.55) | 1.01 (0.76, 1.36) | 0.97 (0.71, 1.34) | 0.89 (0.62, 1.28) | 0.22 |
| MUFA (cases) | 145 | 182 | 186 | 174 | 173 | — |
| Median | 17.83 | 21.20 | 23.60 | 25.95 | 29.30 | — |
| RR1 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.24 (0.99, 1.54) | 1.29 (1.04, 1.61) | 1.32 (1.06, 1.65) | 1.48 (1.18, 1.85) | 0.0008 |
| RR2 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.30 (1.04, 1.63) | 1.42 (1.13, 1.77) | 1.41 (1.12, 1.76) | 1.49 (1.18, 1.87) | 0.0007 |
| RR3 and SFA, PUFA, and trans fat | 1.0 (reference) | 1.22 (0.94, 1.59) | 1.39 (1.03, 1.88) | 1.43 (1.02, 2.03) | 1.56 (1.04, 2.33) | 0.04 |
| PUFA (cases) | 173 | 197 | 170 | 180 | 140 | — |
| Median | 8.13 | 9.50 | 10.60 | 11.80 | 13.80 | — |
| RR1 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.17 (0.95, 1.43) | 1.12 (0.91, 1.39) | 1.33 (1.08, 1.64) | 1.20 (0.96, 1.50) | 0.05 |
| RR2 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.17 (0.95, 1.44) | 1.11 (0.90, 1.38) | 1.33 (1.08, 1.65) | 1.15 (0.92, 1.45) | 0.11 |
| RR3 and MUFA, SFA, and trans fat | 1.0 (reference) | 1.08 (0.87, 1.35) | 1.00 (0.79, 1.26) | 1.19 (0.93, 1.51) | 1.01 (0.77, 1.32) | 0.57 |
| Trans unsaturated fat (cases) | 153 | 169 | 180 | 186 | 172 | — |
| Median | 1.85 | 2.43 | 2.93 | 3.52 | 4.47 | — |
| RR1 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.12 (0.90, 1.40) | 1.24 (0.99, 1.54) | 1.27 (1.02, 1.57) | 1.24 (0.99, 1.54) | 0.02 |
| RR2 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.20 (0.96, 1.51) | 1.32 (1.06, 1.65) | 1.32 (1.06, 1.65) | 1.25 (0.99, 1.57) | 0.01 |
| RR3 and MUFA, SFA, and PUFA | 1.0 (reference) | 1.08 (0.85, 1.37) | 1.13 (0.88, 1.44) | 1.09 (0.84, 1.41) | 1.01 (0.76, 1.36) | 0.37 |
| PUFA:SFA ratio (cases) | 216 | 191 | 170 | 161 | 122 | — |
| Median | 0.37 | 0.44 | 0.50 | 0.57 | 0.69 | — |
| RR1 | 1.0 (reference) | 0.96 (0.79, 1.17) | 0.94 (0.77, 1.16) | 1.03 (0.83, 1.26) | 0.88 (0.71, 1.11) | 0.44 |
| RR2 | 1.0 (reference) | 0.98 (0.80, 1.19) | 0.93 (0.76, 1.14) | 1.00 (0.81, 1.23) | 0.84 (0.67, 1.06) | 0.20 |
| RR3 and trans fat and MUFA | 1.0 (reference) | 1.02 (0.83, 1.25) | 0.99 (0.81, 1.23) | 1.10 (0.88, 1.36) | 0.98 (0.77, 1.25) | 0.54 |
| Cholesterol (cases) | 147 | 165 | 156 | 185 | 207 | — |
| Median (mg/d) | 167 | 205 | 233 | 262 | 310 | — |
| RR1 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.06 (0.84, 1.32) | 0.98 (0.78, 1.22) | 1.21 (0.97, 1.50) | 1.47 (1.18, 1.82) | <0.0001 |
| RR2 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.11 (0.88, 1.39) | 1.02 (0.81, 1.29) | 1.22 (0.98, 1.53) | 1.50 (1.21, 1.87) | <0.0001 |
| RR3 and MUFA, PUFA, SFA, and trans fat | 1.0 (reference) | 1.08 (0.86, 1.37) | 1.01 (0.78, 1.29) | 1.20 (0.93, 1.55) | 1.45 (1.11, 1.89) | 0.04 |
| Omega-3 (cases) | 203 | 159 | 182 | 155 | 161 | — |
| Median | 0.83 | 1.00 | 1.14 | 1.29 | 1.56 | — |
| RR1 | 1.0 (reference) | 0.84 (0.68, 1.03) | 1.02 (0.84, 1.25) | 0.93 (0.75, 1.15) | 1.08 (0.88, 1.34) | 0.28 |
| RR2 | 1.0 (reference) | 0.86 (0.69, 1.06) | 1.04 (0.85, 1.28) | 0.93 (0.75, 1.15) | 1.04 (0.84, 1.29) | 0.53 |
| RR3 and trans fat, MUFA, SFA, and omega-6 | 1.0 (reference) | 0.85 (0.68, 1.06) | 1.03 (0.82, 1.29) | 0.91 (0.71, 1.17) | 1.03 (0.78, 1.36) | 0.91 |
| Omega-6 (cases) | 193 | 175 | 166 | 187 | 139 | — |
| Median | 6.94 | 8.31 | 9.35 | 10.51 | 12.46 | — |
| RR1 | 1.0 (reference) | 0.88 (0.72, 1.09) | 0.94 (0.76, 1.16) | 1.15 (0.94, 1.41) | 0.98 (0.79, 1.22) | 0.43 |
| RR2 | 1.0 (reference) | 0.92 (0.75, 1.14) | 0.98 (0.79, 1.21) | 1.19 (0.97, 1.46) | 0.98 (0.78, 1.22) | 0.47 |
| RR3 and trans fat, MUFA, SFA, and omega-3 | 1.0 (reference) | 0.86 (0.69, 1.07) | 0.87 (0.69, 1.11) | 1.04 (0.80, 1.34) | 0.82 (0.60, 1.12) | 0.95 |
1
Intakes were calculated as the percentage of energy by quintile as the cumulative updated average except cholesterol, which was calculated as the cumulative average of mg/d. Pooled logistic regression models were as follows: RR1, adjusted for age (5-y categories) and BMI (5 categories); RR2, additionally adjusted for parity, physical activity (metabolic equivalences/wk in 5 categories), family history of diabetes, smoking (never, past, or current), race, total energy intake (quintiles), and alcohol (quintiles of daily intake); and RR3, additionally adjusted for cereal fiber (quintiles), glycemic load (quintiles), and other fats as listed in the table.
2
RR; 95% CI in parentheses (all such values).