TABLE 2.
Baseline characteristics by quintile of total flavonoid intake of men and women in the CPS II Nutrition Cohort, 1999–20061
| Quintiles of total flavonoid intake2 |
|||||||||
| Men (n = 38,180) |
Women (n = 60,289) |
Men and women (n = 98,469) |
|||||||
| 1 | 3 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 5 | |
| Sociodemographic characteristics | |||||||||
| n (per quintile) | 6926 | 8074 | 7434 | 12,767 | 11,620 | 12,260 | 19,693 | 19,694 | 19,694 |
| Mean age (y) | 69.6 ± 5.83 | 70.2 ± 5.8 | 70.5 ± 5.9 | 68.1 ± 6.2 | 68.9 ± 6.2 | 68.5 ± 6.3 | 68.6 ± 6.1 | 69.4 ± 6.0 | 69.3 ± 6.2 |
| BMI in 1999 (%) | |||||||||
| <22.5 kg/m2 | 11.1 | 10.9 | 13.7 | 23.5 | 26.2 | 29.7 | 19.1 | 19.9 | 23.7 |
| 22.5 to <25.0 kg/m2 | 20.4 | 23.6 | 24.8 | 21.6 | 24.4 | 24.6 | 21.2 | 24.0 | 24.7 |
| 25.0 to <30.0 kg/m2 | 44.9 | 44.9 | 43.2 | 32.6 | 30.9 | 29.6 | 37.0 | 36.7 | 34.7 |
| 30 to <35.0 kg/m2 | 13.4 | 11.6 | 10.1 | 12.6 | 10.7 | 9.0 | 12.9 | 11.1 | 9.4 |
| ≥35.0 kg/m2 | 2.9 | 2.2 | 2.0 | 5.0 | 3.7 | 3.0 | 4.3 | 3.1 | 2.6 |
| Race (%) | |||||||||
| White | 98.3 | 98.0 | 97.5 | 98.1 | 97.6 | 97.5 | 98.1 | 97.8 | 97.5 |
| African American | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 0.9 |
| Other | 0.7 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1.3 |
| College graduate (%) | 43.7 | 53.3 | 57.8 | 28.2 | 36.2 | 36.2 | 33.7 | 43.2 | 44.3 |
| Family history of MI (%) | 39.5 | 40.4 | 41.2 | 43.5 | 43.5 | 44.0 | 42.1 | 42.2 | 42.9 |
| History of hypertension in 1999 (%) | 32.1 | 32.0 | 30.0 | 33.9 | 30.9 | 30.2 | 33.3 | 31.3 | 30.1 |
| History of high cholesterol in 1999 (%) | 25.6 | 29.0 | 29.2 | 34.4 | 35.5 | 36.1 | 31.3 | 32.9 | 33.4 |
| Smoking history (%) | |||||||||
| Never smoker | 28.0 | 35.4 | 37.7 | 49.8 | 56.0 | 56.9 | 42.1 | 47.6 | 49.6 |
| Former smoker | 61.8 | 59.8 | 58.4 | 40.7 | 39.6 | 39.0 | 48.2 | 47.8 | 46.3 |
| Current smoker | 8.6 | 3.2 | 2.5 | 8.4 | 3.4 | 3.1 | 8.5 | 3.3 | 2.9 |
| Exercise quartiles (%)4 | |||||||||
| <5.5 MET-h/wk | 29.6 | 20.2 | 19.4 | 33.7 | 23.9 | 23.7 | 32.3 | 22.4 | 22.1 |
| 5.5 to <13.4 MET-h/wk | 21.3 | 22.6 | 22.1 | 25.2 | 25.9 | 25.9 | 23.8 | 24.6 | 24.4 |
| 13.4 to <24.5 MET-h/wk | 21.7 | 24.1 | 25.8 | 21.7 | 25.4 | 25.1 | 21.7 | 24.9 | 25.4 |
| ≥24.5 MET-h/wk | 26.0 | 31.9 | 31.5 | 16.8 | 22.3 | 23.1 | 20.0 | 26.2 | 26.3 |
| HRT in 1999 (%) | |||||||||
| Never | — | — | — | 43.6 | 41.3 | 41.2 | 28.2 | 24.4 | 25.7 |
| Current | — | — | — | 29.6 | 32.2 | 32.0 | 19.1 | 19.0 | 20.0 |
| Past | — | — | — | 19.0 | 18.7 | 18.8 | 12.3 | 11.1 | 11.6 |
| Aspirin use in 1999 (%) | |||||||||
| None | 52.6 | 48.7 | 49.7 | 57.4 | 57.0 | 58.2 | 55.7 | 53.6 | 55.0 |
| 1–14 pills/mo | 10.8 | 11.3 | 10.5 | 12.2 | 12.7 | 12.1 | 11.7 | 12.1 | 11.5 |
| 15–29 pills/mo | 7.0 | 8.6 | 7.8 | 6.4 | 6.3 | 6.0 | 6.6 | 7.3 | 6.7 |
| 30–59 pills/mo | 26.1 | 28.5 | 29.1 | 20.3 | 21.3 | 20.8 | 22.3 | 24.2 | 23.9 |
| ≥60 pills/mo | 3.5 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 3.6 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 3.6 | 2.8 | 2.8 |
| Dietary variables | |||||||||
| Alcohol intake (%) | |||||||||
| Nondrinker | 38.2 | 30.2 | 33.1 | 50.8 | 46.0 | 49.3 | 46.3 | 39.6 | 43.2 |
| <1 drink/d | 29.9 | 35.5 | 34.4 | 31.2 | 37.9 | 36.0 | 30.7 | 36.9 | 35.5 |
| 1 drink/d | 12.6 | 18.7 | 17.3 | 8.9 | 11.0 | 9.2 | 10.2 | 14.1 | 12.2 |
| >1 drink/d | 18.2 | 14.9 | 15.0 | 8.4 | 4.8 | 5.3 | 11.8 | 9.0 | 8.9 |
| Multivitamin use (%) | |||||||||
| Never | 51.7 | 44.2 | 41.0 | 40.5 | 34.7 | 32.6 | 44.5 | 38.6 | 35.8 |
| Occasional | 6.2 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 7.9 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 7.4 |
| Regular | 34.5 | 42.1 | 45.2 | 41.6 | 47.3 | 49.8 | 39.1 | 45.1 | 48.1 |
| Vitamin C use (%) | |||||||||
| Never | 66.7 | 59.1 | 53.3 | 58.6 | 50.7 | 46.9 | 61.5 | 54.2 | 49.4 |
| Occasional | 15.3 | 19.9 | 22.6 | 17.3 | 21.7 | 22.2 | 16.6 | 20.9 | 22.4 |
| Regular | 8.1 | 10.5 | 13.4 | 9.6 | 12.1 | 14.8 | 9.1 | 11.4 | 14.3 |
| Vitamin E use (%) | |||||||||
| Never | 59.2 | 50.3 | 44.7 | 48.3 | 39.8 | 36.3 | 52.1 | 44.1 | 39.5 |
| Occasional | 4.9 | 6.0 | 6.4 | 5.3 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 5.2 | 6.4 | 6.6 |
| Regular | 26.9 | 35.0 | 39.9 | 34.2 | 40.6 | 44.0 | 31.6 | 38.3 | 42.5 |
| Energy intake in 1999 (kcal) | 1883 ± 7.0 | 1970 ± 6.4 | 1868 ± 6.7 | 1586 ± 4.4 | 1658 ± 4.6 | 1560 ± 4.4 | 1691 ± 3.9 | 1786 ± 3.9 | 1676 ± 3.9 |
| Fruit intake (servings/wk) | 10.2 ± 0.1 | 18.5 ± 0.1 | 20.9 ± 0.1 | 11.8 ± 0.08 | 19.5 ± 0.08 | 19.9 ± 0.08 | 11.2 ± 0.06 | 19.1 ± 0.06 | 20.3 ± 0.06 |
| Vegetable intake (servings/wk) | 16.0 ± 0.1 | 21.3 ± 0.1 | 23.0 ± 0.1 | 18.9 ± 0.1 | 24.1 ± 0.1 | 24.5 ± 0.1 | 17.8 ± 0.09 | 23.0 ± 0.09 | 23.9 ± 0.09 |
| Saturated fat intake (g/d)5 | 22.8 ± 0.06 | 19.9 ± 0.06 | 18.5 ± 0.06 | 19.4 ± 0.04 | 17.0 ± 0.04 | 16.2 ± 0.04 | 20.6 ± 0.04 | 18.2 ± 0.04 | 17.1 ± 0.04 |
| Total trans fat intake (g/d)5 | 4.3 ± 0.02 | 3.6 ± 0.01 | 3.3 ± 0.01 | 3.3 ± 0.009 | 2.8 ± 0.009 | 2.7 ± 0.009 | 3.7 ± 0.008 | 3.2 ± 0.008 | 2.9 ±0.008 |
| n–3 Fatty acid intake (g/d)5 | 0.1 ± 0.002 | 0.2 ± 0.001 | 0.2 ± 0.002 | 0.1 ± 0.001 | 0.2 ± 0.001 | 0.2 ± 0.001 | 0.1 ± 0.001 | 0.2 ± 0.001 | 0.2 ± 0.001 |
1
All variables except for age were standardized to the age distribution of the entire cohort. CPS II, Cancer Prevention Study II; HRT, hormone replacement therapy; MET-h, metabolic equivalent hours; MI, myocardial infarction.
2
Quintiles of total flavonoid intake (same for men, women, men and women combined): 1, <121.5 mg/d; 3, 172.4 to <238.1 mg/d; 5, ≥359.7 mg/d.
3
Mean ± SD (all such values).
4
Metabolic equivalents were defined for each type of exercise-related physical activity as a multiple of the metabolic equivalent of sitting quietly for 1 h.
5
Energy-adjusted.