TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study participants1
|
GIPR rs2287019 genotype |
||||
| CC (n = 504) | CT (n = 208) | TT (n = 25) | P | |
| Age (y) | 51 ± 92 | 51 ± 9 | 53 ± 10 | 0.71 |
| Sex [n (%)] | 0.13 | |||
| F | 316 (70.4) | 122 (27.2) | 11 (2.4) | |
| M | 188 (65.3) | 86 (41.4) | 14 (4.9) | |
| Race or ethnic group [n (%)] | 0.10 | |||
| White | 392 (66.4) | 178 (30.2) | 20 (3.4) | |
| Black | 89 (80.2) | 19 (17.1) | 3 (2.7) | |
| Hispanic | 16 (64.0) | 7 (28.0) | 2 (8.0) | |
| Asian or other | 7 (63.6) | 4 (36.4) | 0 (0) | |
| Diet groups [n (%)] | 0.62 | |||
| Low-fat diets (20% of calories) | 252 (67.9) | 104 (28.0) | 15 (4.1) | |
| High-fat diets (40% of calories) | 252 (68.9) | 104 (28.4) | 10 (2.7) | |
| Height (m) | 1.69 ± 0.09 | 1.69 ± 0.09 | 1.71 ± 0.09 | 0.63 |
| Weight (kg) | 93 ± 15 | 93 ± 16 | 95 ± 16 | 0.46 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 32.7 ± 3.9 | 32.5 ± 3.8 | 32.3 ± 3.8 | 0.52 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 104 ± 13 | 103 ± 13 | 106 ± 14 | 0.31 |
| Blood pressure (mm Hg) | ||||
| Systolic | 120 ± 13 | 118 ± 13 | 123 ± 17 | 0.24 |
| Diastolic | 76 ± 9 | 75 ± 9 | 78 ± 11 | 0.72 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 92 ± 12 | 93 ± 16 | 93 ± 12 | 0.75 |
| Insulin (μU/mL) | 12.2 ± 7.9 | 12.2 ± 7.3 | 12.2 ± 8.3 | 0.86 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.8 ± 2.0 | 2.8 ± 1.8 | 2.9 ± 2.1 | 0.81 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 202 ± 37 | 201 ± 35 | 214 ± 47 | 0.30 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 126 ± 33 | 123 ± 30 | 138 ± 39 | 0.48 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 49 ± 14 | 49 ± 15 | 49 ± 14 | 0.62 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 140 ± 81 | 154 ± 97 | 136 ± 75 | 0.57 |
| Urinary nitrogen (g) | 12.1 ± 4.3 | 12.6 ± 4.8 | 12.4 ± 4.6 | 0.70 |
| Respiratory quotient | 0.84 ± 0.04 | 0.84 ± 0.04 | 0.84 ± 0.03 | 0.79 |
| Dietary intake per day3 | ||||
| Energy (kcal) | 1923 ± 559 | 2021 ± 564 | 2294 ± 502 | 0.38 |
| Carbohydrate (%) | 45 ± 8 | 44 ± 8 | 43 ± 8 | 0.19 |
| Fat (%) | 37 ± 6 | 37 ± 7 | 39 ± 5 | 0.35 |
| Protein (%) | 18 ± 3 | 19 ± 4 | 17 ± 3 | 0.13 |
1
P values were calculated by using the chi-square test for categorical variables and general linear models for continuous variables.
2
Mean ± SD (all such values).
3
Information was collected from a 5-d diet record in a random sample of 50% of the participants.