Table 2.
Relationship between energy-adjusted macronutrient intakes and risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in a case-control study in Iran
| Macronutrients | Tertiles of Intake1 OR (95%CI) | |||||||
| Model 12 | Model 23 | |||||||
| Tertile15 | Tertile2 | Tertile3 | P-trend6 | Tertile 14 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | P-trend5 | |
| Total energy, Kcal Number | 1.00 (46) | 0.80 (0.24-2.13) (48) | 1.11 (0.25-1.98) (49) | 0.52 | 1.00 | 0.62 (0.03-2.65) | 1.23 (0.86-2.14) | 0.29 |
| Total fat, g Number | 1.00 (46) | 1.23 (1.04-2.95) (46) | 1.94(1.05-3.28) (51) | 0.02 | 1.00 | 1.11 (0.80-2.67) | 1.48 (1.09-3.04) | 0.005 |
| SFA, g Number | 1.00 (48) | 1.70 (1.21-4.93) (47) | 3.52 (1.10-3.89) (48) | 0.01 | 1.00 | 1.32 (1.20-2.93) | 2.88 (1.15-3.08) | 0.01 |
| PUFA, g Number | 1.00 (47) | 2.83 (0.34-3.60) (48) | 0.71 (0.13-1.62) (48) | 0.98 | 1.00 | 1.19 (0.42-2.57) | 0.98 (0.31-2.64) | 0.14 |
| MUFA, g Number | 1.00 (48) | 1.39 (0.95 -2.79) (47) | 1.39 (0.29-2.16) (48) | 0.23 | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.15-1.74) | 1.19 (0.42-2.75) | 0.81 |
| (n-3)fatty acids, g Number | 1.00 (48) | 0.42 (0.21-0.75) (47) | 0.51 (0.08-0.90) (48) | 0.01 | 1.00 | 0.86 (0.16-0.97) | 0.32 (0.07-0.84) | <0.001 |
| Dietary fiber, g Number | 1.00 (48) | 0.72 (0.31-2.18) (47) | 0.46 (0.01-0.88) (48) | <0.001 | 1.00 | 0.71 (0.02-2.03) | 0.29 (0.13-0.76) | 0.02 |
| Carbohydrate, g Number | 1.00 (46) | 0.70 (0.31-2.93) (46) | 0.17 (0.06-0.92) (51) | 0.04 | 1.00 | 0.79 (0.32-1.56) | 0.22 (0.05-0.84) | <0.001 |
| Protein, g Number | 1.00 (48) | 1.25 (0.59-2.74) (48) | 1.61 (1.49-4.13) (47) | <0.02 | 1.00 | 1.13 (0.54-1.64) | 1.93 (0.60-3.18) | 0.52 |
| Cholesterol, mg Number | 1.00 (47) | 0.92 (0.09-1.39) (49) | 3.71(1.49-2.60) (47) | <0.001 | 1.00 | 0.68 (0.22-1.73) | 1.53 (1.41-4.13) | <0.001 |
| Vegetable Oil, g6 Number | 1.00 (47) | 0.59 (0.21-3.58) (47) | 0.95 (0.16-2.24) (49) | 0.87 | 1.00 | 1.25 (0.35-1.93) | 1.44 (0.08-2.23) | 0.61 |
| Discretionary calorie, % total energy intake7 Number | 1.00 (48) | 1.68 (1.07-3.95) (48) | 2.33(1.58-2.90) (47) | <0.001 | 1.00 | 1.17 (1.02-2.65) | 1.51 (1.06-3.84) | 0.002 |
OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; SFA: Saturated fatty acid; PUFA: Poly unsaturated fatty acid; MUFA: Mono unsaturated fatty acid
1Nutrient intakes are adjusted for energy intake using the residual method [56]
2Base model; adjusted for age (years) and sex (male/female)
3Fully-adjusted model; adjusted for age (years), sex (male/female), gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms (yes/no), body mass index (≤24.9, >24.9 kg/m2), smoking status (never/former/current), smoking intensity and duration (<20, ≥20 pack-years), physical activity (MET) (light/heavy), and education level (illiterate, literate)
4Reference category
5The P-value for trend was calculated using the linear regression coefficient for the tertiles of macronutrient intake
6Described as fat from vegetable oil, fish, nuts and seeds sources
7Described as the energy derived from solid fat and added sugar