Table 2.
Selected Characteristics of Georgia Centenarian Study Participants With and Without Anemia, Stratified by Age Group†
| Octogenarians, n = 69 |
Centenarians, n = 185 |
|||
| With Anemia | Without Anemia | With Anemia | Without Anemia | |
| Median, Range, M (SD), or % (n) | Median, Range, M (SD), or % (n) | Median, Range, M (SD), or % (n) | Median, Range, M (SD), or % (n) | |
| Age (y) | 83.2, 80.5–90.1, 84.2 (3.1) | 85.4, 80.5–90.0, 84.7 (2.8) | 99.6, 98.1–105.0, 100.2 (1.7) | 100.2, 98.1–108.6, 100.6 (1.9) |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 13.0 (3) | 87.0 (20)* | 64.3 (18) | 35.7 (10) |
| Female | 34.8 (16) | 65.2 (30) | 47.8 (75) | 52.2 (82) |
| Race | ||||
| White | 19.3 (11) | 80.7 (46)** | 47.6 (71) | 52.4 (78) |
| African American | 66.7 (8) | 33.3 (4) | 61.1 (22) | 38.9 (14) |
| Living arrangement | ||||
| Skilled nursing facility | 33.3 (4) | 66.7 (8) | 51.3 (40) | 48.7 (38) |
| Community/personal care | 26.3 (15) | 73.7 (42) | 49.5 (53) | 50.5 (54) |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 11.2, 9.7–12.8, 11.2 (0.8) | 13.8, 12.0–16.5, 13.9 (1.1)*** | 11.1, 7.5–12.6, 10.9 (1.0) | 12.9, 12.0–16.7, 13.1 (0.9)*** |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.9, 3.0–4.3, 3.8 (0.3) | 4.1, 2.3–4.8, 4.0 (0.4)** | 3.6, 2.6–4.4, 3.6 (0.4) | 3.8, 2.9–4.7, 3.7 (0.3)** |
| CRP (mg/dL) | 4.4, 0.4–20.5, 5.4 (4.8) | 2.0, 0.4–33.4, 4.1 (5.8) | 3.2, 0.4–106.0, 10.0 (20.4) | 3.6, 0.3–149.9, 7.8 (16.4) |
| High CRP (>5.0 mg/dL) | 36.84 (7) | 24.0 (12) | 37.6 (35) | 41.3 (38) |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.0, 0.7–2.1, 1.1 (0.3) | 0.9, 0.6–1.9, 0.9 (0.2) | 1.1, 0.5–2.5, 1.1 (0.4) | 1.0, 0.5–5.5, 1.0 (0.6)* |
| High creatinine (>1.4 mg/dL) | 10.5 (2) | 6.0 (3) | 23.7 (22) | 10.9 (10)* |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)‡ | 59.4, 27.2–112, 60.0 (20.9) | 67.9, 32.6–111, 69.8 (18.6)* | 51.1. 22.8–114, 56.9 (22.9) | 57.5, 9.6–147, 60.4 (22.3) |
| Low eGFR (<45 mL/min/1.73 m2) | 21.0 (4) | 10.0 (5) | 34.4 (32) | 18.5 (17)* |
| Ferritin (ng/mL) | 59.0, 8.0–1257, 166 (284) | 70.5, 11.0–280, 86.0 (65.3) | 80.0, 1.6–1955, 139 (231) | 76.5, 10.0–409, 101 (90.7) |
| Low ferritin (<50 ng/mL) | 47.4 (9) | 36.0 (18) | 39.8 (37) | 34.8 (32) |
| Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency§ | 21.0 (4) | 26.0 (13) | 33.3 (31) | 38.0 (35) |
| Body mass index categories | ||||
| Underweight (<18.5 kg/m2) | 5.3 (1) | 2.0 (1) | 22.6 (21) | 14.1 (13) |
| Normal (18.5–24.9 kg/m2) | 31.7 (6) | 42.0 (21) | 53.8 (50) | 58.7 (54) |
| Overweight (25.0–29.9 kg/m2) | 47.4 (9) | 46.0 (23) | 20.4 (19) | 19.6 (18) |
| Obesity (≥30 kg/m2) | 15.8 (3) | 10.0 (5) | 3.2 (3) | 7.6 (7) |
| Total number of medications | 8, 2–12, 7 (3) | 6, 0–13, 6 (3) | 7, 0–15, 7 (4) | 7, 0–15, 7 (4) |
| Supplement use‖ | ||||
| Yes | 42.1 (8) | 42.0 (21) | 46.2 (43) | 50.0 (46) |
| No | 57.9 (11) | 58.0 (29) | 53.8 (50) | 50.0 (46) |
| Disease score¶ | 1.0, 0.0–5.0, 1.8 (1.4) | 1.0, 0.0–5.0, 1.2 (1.1) | 1.0, 0.0–5.0, 1.3 (1.0) | 1.0, 0.0–4.0, 1.3 (1.1) |
Notes: CRP = C-reactive protein; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate.
Listed characteristics are for the subset of octogenarians and centenarians with complete demographic, biochemical, and anthropometric data. Differences between octogenarians and centenarians that were statistically significant are noted as follows: *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.
eGFR formula: 175 × standardized Scr−1.154 × age−0.203 × 1.212 [if black] × 0.742 [if female] (16).
Vitamin B12 deficiency: serum B12 < 258 pmol/L, MMA > 271 nmol/L, and 2-methylcitric acid level less than MMA. Folate deficiency: red blood cell folate levels < 317 nmol/L.
Supplements: B vitamin, B vitamins + omega-3 fatty acids, herbals + vitamins, iron, minerals, multivitamin, multivitamin + calcium, multivitamin + iron, multivitamin + minerals, multivitamin + zinc, vitamin, vitamins + minerals, vitamins + zinc, vitamins; b complex + c.
Disease score: one point for a self-report of osteoporosis, chronic kidney disease, diabetes chronic airway obstruction, present cancer, hypertension, Parkinson’s disease, and peripheral vascular disease. Points were then summed for a score.