Table 2.

Sample stimuli.

sample stimuli target group	physical pain (PP)	emotional pain (EP; suffering)
Arab	Amira lives with her family in Syria. Her father works for the military. Amira was putting up posters in her new room. It was early Saturday morning and she was in her pyjamas. As Amira stood back, she stepped on a thumbtack that had fallen on the ground. The thumbtack went into her heel and hit the bone.	Khalil recently began working for the Hamas government in Gaza. Khalil had worked hard to get the job he has now. He can finally take care of his son and has almost saved enough to give him the gifts he wants for his birthday. Today, Khalil was called in to the office and his boss told him that he was fired.
Israeli	Ariel lives with his family in a large settlement in the West Bank. After dinner one day, Ariel was doing the dishes. Ariel was talking with his friends while his hands were in the soapy water. Then his hand hit a sharp knife. The knife cut deep into the skin between his fingers and the cut burned in the dirty water.	Moshe moved from the USA to Israel; his father says it is to support the Jewish homeland. At school, Moshe was happy that some of the boys had offered him some candy. When Moshe put some in his mouth, the boys laughed and said that they had peed on the candy. All the other children started laughing and pointing at Moshe.
South American	Viviana lives in a city in Brazil, but works more in rural areas. Viviana was walking with some gifts to her car. She tripped over the curb and turned to avoid crushing the presents. Viviana landed on the curb with her mouth, breaking her two front teeth in half. Viviana dropped the presents and held her bleeding mouth.	Maria moved to the USA from South America to give her children a better life. Maria lives with her teenage daughter. Her daughter wants to have new friends and invites a number of people to her 14th birthday party. Nobody shows up to the birthday. Maria's daughter goes into her room to cry and Maria stands helplessly.