Official websites use .gov
A
.gov website belongs to an official
government organization in the United States.
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock (
) or https:// means you've safely
connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive
information only on official, secure websites.
The scheme of the EGR-1/GGPPS/ERK 1/2 pathway. Cigarette smoke extract (CSE) exposure can activate the MAPK pathway, which is responsible for EGR-1 activation. Up-regulated EGR-1 can activate transcription of its target gene GGPPS, which is responsible for geranylation of Ras GTP-binding proteins. Thus, geranylated Ras can bind to the plasma membrane and reactivate the ERK 1/2 MAPK pathway.
