Table 1. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Study Participants.
| Control group (N=47) | LOD group (N=48) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years±SD) | 70.7±4.37 | 71.8±4.8 | NS |
| Education (years±SD) | 9.2±4.8 | 9.3±4.2 | NS |
| Sex (M/F) | 9/38 | 12/36 | NS |
| Duration of illness (years±SD) | 0 | 1.3±0.5 | <0.0001 |
| HAM-D17 total score (SD) | 1.9±1.9 | 18.9±6.5 | <0.0001 |
| CERAD-K battery (SD) | |||
| VF | 13.3±2.9 | 12.3±3.7 | NS |
| BNT | 11.3±2.1 | 9.3±2.4 | <0.0001 |
| MMSE | 28.1±11. | 27.1±1.0 | 0.001 |
| WLM | 18.2±3.5 | 14.6±4.0 | <0.0001 |
| CP | 9.4±1.5 | 8.1±1.9 | NS |
| WLR | 6.4±1.9 | 4.3±1.8 | <0.0001 |
| WLRc | 9.3±1.0 | 8.1±1.9 | <0.0001 |
| CR | 6.7±2.9 | 4.8±3.0 | 0.003 |
| Stroop test reaction time (seconds±SD) | 30.2±5.7 | 42.1±16.8 | 0.003 |
| Stroop test error (SD) | 1.5±1.4 | 2.5±2.6 | NS |
| Hypertensiona, n (%) | 5 (10.6) | 6 (12.5) | NS |
| Diabetesb, n (%) | 3 (6.4) | 2 (4.1) | NS |
| Dyslipidemiac, n (%) | 2 (4.1) | 1 (2.1) | NS |
| Stroke or TIA, n (%) | 0 | 0 | NS |
| History of heart disease, n (%) | 0 | 0 | NS |
| Current smokers, n (%) | 0 | 0 | NS |
| History of smoking, n (%) | 0 | 0 | NS |
| Antihypertensive agents, n (%) | 5 (10.6) | 6 (12.5) | NS |
| Hypoglycemic agents, n (%) | 3 (6.4) | 1 (2.1) | NS |
| Lipid-lowering agents, n (%) | 2 (4.1) | 1 (2.1) | NS |
| Body mass index (kg/m2±SD) | 24.2±3.9 | 23.7±4.1 | NS |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg±SD) | 128.2±7.3 | 127.5±8.1 | NS |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg±SD) | 83.4±8.7 | 82.3±7.4 | NS |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl±SD) | 170.8±23.4 | 169.9±25.1 | NS |
| High-density lipoprotein (mg/dl±SD) | 58.5±13.2 | 59.7±12.5 | NS |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl±SD) | 103.2±14.9 | 104.3±13.7 | NS |
| Glucose (mg/dl±SD) | 98.9±5.7 | 97.3±7.4 | NS |
Abbreviations: LOD, late-onset depression; NS, statistically not significant; HAM-D17, 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; CERAD-K, the Korean version of Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease; VF, Verbal Fluency; BNT, 15-item Boston Naming Test; MMSE, Mini Mental Status Examination; WLM, Word List Memory; CP, Constructional Praxis; WLR, Word List Recall; WLRc, Word List Recognition; CR, Constructional Recall; TIA, transient ischemic attack.
Hypertension defined according to the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC 7) (Chobanian et al, 2003).
Diabetes mellitus defined according to International Diabetes Federation Epidemiology Task Force Consensus Group (Alberti et al, 2005).
Dyslipidemia defined according to Revised The National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria (NCEP ATP III) (Grundy et al, 2005.